Learning to Flow with the Dao:
The 64 Hexagrams of the I Ching
By Nori Muster
Copyright 2010; first publication 2000. Nori Muster, the author, retains all rights to the interpretation, commentary, and design of this book.
Introduction
The I Ching is the ancient Daoist book of metaphors, written to offer guidance in the inevitable changes of life. The I Ching consists of sixty-four hexagrams, the number of combinations mathematically possible with six solid and broken lines. The broken lines "- -" are yin, or passive, dark, yielding. The solid lines "—" are yang, active, light, reaching. Daoist scholars recorded meanings for each of the sixty-four combinations in approximately 800 BCE.
Think of your situation, and when you have your questions about it clearly in mind, open the book at random. If you want a traditional reading, throw sticks or coins to choose a hexagram and find it on the chart on the cover of this book. Remember, the hexagrams read bottom to top. The first line is the bottom line, the sixth line is the top line.
Following is a quote from the book, Hauntings: Dispelling the Ghosts Who Run Our Lives, by Dr. James Hollis, the prolific Jungian scholar. In chapter two, "On Synchronicity and Quantium Physics," he explains how the I Ching works through synchronicity. Although I have a different belief on why synchronicity happens (it's a small world), I agree with him on how the I Ching brings meaning to a situation through the power of synchronicity.
Describing synchronicity, Hollis said:
The I Ching, to choose one example, utilizes a method that most Westerners would consider arbitrary or accidental to gain purchase on an interior causality. To the Western sensibility, casting coins or yarrow sticks seems fatally stricken with accident or chance. But the Eastern view is that the practitioner in a meditative mood enters the Dao of the moment, that is, participates in the qualitative dimension of reality. Thus the arrangment or conjunction of moments is not arbitrary after all, but takes on the qualitative textures of time and space.In all of the hexagrams, at least one of the lines may predict bad results, but that does NOT mean you are destined to get that result. The meaning is that you need to study the action-reaction to see what could go wrong.
From there, focus on the positive outcomes in other lines. Study how different attitudes lead to better outcomes.
Your future is in your hands. Consult the I Ching for ideas that lead to clear thinking and positive mental attitude. The I Ching teaches you to create positive change from the inside through conscious living. Take the time to reflect on your attitudes and ideas.
Hexagram One—Creativity
In Hexagram One, all the lines are yang. They represent the dragon, the Chinese symbol for spiritual power, wisdom, and strength.
In the first line the dragon is hidden. The message is to wait for the dragon, or creative energy, before beginning a creative endeavor.
In the second line the dragon appears in the field. This is the time for action, when the inspiration, or muse, is revealed.
In the third line we see a person who works long hours, ignoring the natural rhythms of work and rest. Although this is dangerous, their position is safe.
In the fourth line a person takes risks, just as a dragon may leap in the darkness of night. As long as the foundation is stable, this will work out okay.
In the fifth line, creative people interact and exchange ideas, just as dragons fly together in the sky. This brings progress and good results.
In the sixth line the dragons fly too high into the atmosphere. One must be sensitive to the stages of a project and get to work before the euphoria of the original idea fades.
A final note, or seventh line, says that one cannot force the dragon to appear, so it is wise to use the energy to the fullest when it is available. The image suggests a group of dragons merged into one, with no single head remaining.
Hexagram One Commentary
The introduction to Hexagram One states that it is the most solid and powerful of all the hexagrams, because it is composed of all solid lines, yang. It's an affirmation of the creative element, and personifies it as a being, the Chinese dragon. Creative inspiration comes from power, wisdom, and strength. Solid creativity is the big bang that creates everything that follows.
In the first line, creativity cannot begin, because the dragon has not yet appeared. Either the dragon is present or it is not. The dragon must appear of its own free will and cannot be forced. The line says to "wait for the dragon" before starting.
When the dragon appears in the field, indicated in line two, then the muse is revealed, and inspiration takes hold. The line says "this is the time for action."
Line three indicates the fever that can take over when one is possessed by the creative spirit of the dragon. Although it's not great to overwork, or binge work "ignoring the natural rhythms of work and rest," it's okay to do that if inspiration demands. It's dangerous to one's health and well being, but is not a sin. Overwork is something that just simply may happen when we are inspired to pursue creative goals.
Line four reveals another absurd behavior—intuitive risk. At times in a creative fever, we may say something or act outrageously, "just as a dragon my leap in the darkness of night." However, if the spontaneous words or actions are coming from a good place inside, a stable inner foundation, it will all work out. At times we may have blurted something out that could act as a catalyst to cause a change in someone's behavior or the course of events, and we may question ourselves why we did such a thing. This explains, our behavior was like a dragon taking a leap in the dark.
The fifth line explains the joy creative people take when they come together to visit and share ideas. When we think of creative people like dragons flying together in the sky, Paris of the 1920s comes to mind. In that era, Paris was a gathering place for American and European writers, artists, and musicians, including Ernest Hemmingway, Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Man Ray, Henri Matisse, Cole Porder, and many more. Creative people flocked to Paris to mingle with other creative people and pick up each other's energy. Association among creative people is one of the rewards of dedicating oneself to creativity.
Line six warns of the most dangerous attitude for creative people. It says the dragons fly too high into the atmosphere. This refers to the ego, and how a big ego on a creative person is unhelpful. The line warns: "One must be sensitive to the stages of a project and get to work before the euphoria of the original idea fades." Spending too much time gratifying an inflated ego may pull a creative person away from the actual creative work, and inspiration may fade.
A couple of the hexagrams add a final line, or seventh line, as is the case in Hexagram One. The extra advice here is to use the creative energy to the fullest when it's there, because it's not always there. As lines one and two point out, creativity is only possible when the dragon appears in the field. The line suggests an image of "a group of dragons merged into one, with no single head remaining." This image is often carved on a jade ball, and symbolizes total immersion. There is "no single head" remaining, in other words, there are times when the creative person becomes one with the creative work, and feels moved to use the energy to its fullest.
Hexagram Two—Receptivity
All the lines of the second hexagram are yin and the hexagram denotes firm progress and advantage.
In the first line a person who is walking on frosty ground soon finds that the ground has become solid ice. This represents the passive but strong quality of yin.
The second line says the yin attributes of honesty, intuition, inner depth, and flexibility come naturally and do not need to be learned or rehearsed. Possessing these qualities is fortunate.
The third line shows the possessor of these qualities who diplomatically conceals their strengths until they are needed, just as some rich people may conceal the depths of their wealth. Working under a benevolent leader, they may wish to use their skills to increase the reputation of the leader.
The fourth line shows a closed purse or bag. The quality yin may involve restraint. Although this closes off new possibilities, it also prevents misfortune.
The fifth line shows a yellow garment, which implies a humble and honorable person. This is fortunate.
The sixth line shows fighting dragons, sending yellow blood to the earth and purple blood to the sky. This is the right conclusion of affairs.
A final note says the yin qualities of honesty and steady progress lead to good fortune.
Hexagram Two Commentary
There are sixty-four hexagrams in the I Ching because that's the mathematical possibility of combinations of solid and broken lines. The first hexagram is all solid lines, yang, and the second hexagram is all broken lines, yin. Both are auspicious. It's not that yang is good and yin is bad—both are neutral-to-good. All yin is said to denote "progress and advantage."
Yin is the sign of passive strength. The metaphor in the first line is frosty ground that turns into solid ice.
Yin qualities are natural, not learned or rehearsed. The second line names the strong yin qualities as "honesty, intuition, inner depth, and flexibility."
The third line shows humbleness as a strong quality because a person who possesses yin strength will not show it off, but only display yin strength when it's needed, just as "some rich people may conceal the depths of their wealth." Further, if there is a benevolent leader, strong yin people may use their intuitive skills to lend support to the leader.
Yin strength means the wisdom to back off and show restraint, rather than act aggressively. The metaphor in line four is of a "closed purse or bag."
Over all, the strong yin quality is personified in line five, showing a humble, honest person who wears a yellow garment, a subtle but embracing symbol of good fortune.
Line six shows yin force in a fight between dragons. The successful outcome of their fighting sends yellow blood to earth and purple blood to the sky. This signifies a correct and good outcome. In modern terms, we might say this is a "win-win" outcome.
A final note, or seventh line, celebrates yin strength, saying honesty and steady progress lead to good fortune.
Hexagram Three—Difficult Beginnings
Hexagram Three shows the great labor involved in a new beginning. A structure must be set up and the process set in motion.
The first line, yang, shows a person unable to make progress. If this person remains steady, they can learn valuable lessons from people around them, even people not ordinarily considered worthy teachers.
The second line, yin, shows a woman on a chariot poised for escape from an attacker, but the assailant actually seeks her hand in marriage. It may take a long time to work out the misunderstanding, but once resolved, they become engaged.
In the third line, yin, a hunter pursues a deer without a guide, and almost gets lost in the forest. An intelligent person, wishing to avoid more grief, gives up the chase.
The fourth line, yin, shows the woman on the chariot going forward to greet her supposed attacker with an open mind.
The fifth line, yang, shows a generous prince sharing his wealth freely with his subjects. A person who is balanced and prudent in their work can still afford to be flexible and know when to give.
The sixth line, yin, shows that this noble person, who is diligent and steadfast, is forced to retreat by horse, crying tears of blood. Although he has acted well, the situation is difficult and needs further correct action to reach a resolution.
Hexagram Three Commentary
The third hexagram is the first one to combine yin and yang lines. Thus, it shows the effort involved in breaking inertia to get a project underway.
The first line, yin, is the moment before progress begins. Although the subject may feel stuck, if they keep a steady pace and accepts people's help, motion can begin. Part of the problem is in the subject's mind, imagining people are staring, and are against them. However, the people are just innocent bystanders who would root for the subject and help they in any way they could if the subject were open to help.
The second line, yin, tells the story of a woman in a carriage. A man has come to propose marriage, but she perceives him as an attacker. After they work out the misunderstandings, they are engaged. This mirrors the first line that urges the subject to accept the help of others, rather than expect others have ill intentions.
The third line, yin, shows a hunter going off into the forest to pursue a deer. The hunter becomes lost without a guide, so it's best to call off the hunt. One way to complicate the beginning of a project is to run off without preparation or guidance.
When help is offered, accept the help and don't perceive it as an attack. The fourth line, yin, shows the woman in the carriage going forward with an open mind to meet her man.
The fifth line, yang, shows strength through sharing. The picture in this line is a generous prince sharing his wealth with his subjects.
The sixth line, yin, shows the prince retreating on his horse, crying tears of blood. His generosity was not the problem, but trouble still comes on its own. Crying tears of blood indicates a difficult start where the new project is failing. However, it's not time for brooding or self-condemnation; it's time to make a plan for how things will work out. There is more work to do.
Hexagram Four—Correcting Mistakes
There is danger in making mistakes, but one must be tolerant of others who make a mistake. Help may come from someone who does not know all the answers, just as a stream may come from the base of a mountain.
The first line, yin, shows the teacher correcting a mistake through punishment. Chastisement may be helpful, but only if the teacher is tolerant and firm, not angry.
The second line, yang, shows the child growing up to become head of the family. In the same way, with proper instruction and guidance, one can rise to a higher level. Knowledge does not discriminate on the basis or gender, race, religion, or wealth.
The third line, yin, shows a woman who is attracted to a man because of his money. No advantage will come from such a relationship, or any relationship based on ignorance.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who is unable to learn the lessons of life. This is an unfortunate situation, since they will repeat the same mistakes.
The fifth line, yin, shows a young person who has not yet known the trials of life. This is a fortunate position and one should not prematurely force young people to recognize life's pain.
The sixth line, yang, shows a young person who has fallen into difficult times because they lack the wisdom to deal with life's situations. Rather than mock such a person, it is wise to help them.
Hexagram Four Commentary
In the previous hexagram, a generous prince saw his new beginning go wrong and crash. We don't know the details, but this next hexagram says we all make mistakes and need to learn perseverance. We must also remain humble, willing to accept help from unexpected sources, just as "a stream may come from the base of a mountain."
The first line, yin, shows a teacher chastising a student. This isn't the best approach, but is acceptable if the teacher acts professionally, not out of anger.
The metaphor in the second line, yang, is of a child who grows up to become the head of a family. This shows that with guidance, we learn as we grow, and we rise above childish behaviors.
The picture in the third line, yin, is of a woman attracted to a man for his money. This is a mistake of immaturity and no advantage will come of it. It will never become a relationship based on love and trust. Both of them will suffer if the woman's motives are exposed.
The fourth line, yin, explains the consequences of failing to learn from mistakes. The same person will continue to make the same mistakes until they get consequences that force change.
The fifth line, yin, shows an innocent young person who is growing stronger and wiser, but who has not yet had to face any devastating life problems. The I Ching says this is a fortunate position and it would be wrong to criticize an innocent young person or purposely force them to confront problems. They will learn about life soon enough.
In the sixth line, an underprepared young person is faced with life's problems beyond their ability to reconcile. Rather than mock the young person, or judge them, it's better to help and teach them.
Hexagram Five—Preparation
Just as clouds prepare to rain by forming in the sky, good fortune will come from the right kind of preparation.
The first line, yin, shows one who is waiting just outside the city. This person is detached, and thus approaches the new situation fresh.
The second line yang, shows one who is waiting in the sand of the mountain stream, closer to the city. Although such a person has already taken sides, and there will be some criticism, they are still objective enough to be successful.
The third line, yang, shows one who is standing in the mud of the stream. Such a person invites criticism for defining people as friends and enemies.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who waits in the place of blood. This person feels it is important to be in the middle of the action at all times, since being on the scene helps him/her understand the situation and avoid becoming isolated.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who waits in the festive and opulent setting of a feast. This person shows self-discipline and balance.
The sixth line, yin, shows someone waiting alone in a cave. Unexpectedly, three people come to help. If this person receives the guests well, things will work out better.
Hexagram Five Commentary
Hexagram Five is a new beginning—this time going into the situation with a good attitude. It shows pictures of where people may be coming from before entering a new situation. The introduction offers a metaphor of rain clouds gathering in the sky to prepare for rain. Each of the six lines shows how humans prepare for a situation.
The first line, yin, shows a person who is waiting just outside the city. This person is detached and prepared to enter with an open mind. This is a good attitude.
The second line, yang, shows a person who is waiting in the sand of a mountain stream, closer to the city. Because this person has waded into the sand, this shows the person has already taken sides in the situation in the city. Although somewhat judgmental, this person is still open minded enough to be objective.
The third like, yang, shows someone standing in the mud. This signifies a judgmental person whose mind is already made up. This person invites criticism for prejudging and defining people as friends and enemies.
The fourth line, yin, shows someone who waits in the "place of blood." The person wants to stay involved in the drama to avoid isolation. Nowadays we call people like this control freaks. The line does not condemn this behavior, but duly notes it.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who waits in the "festive and opulent setting of a feast." This shows a person with a good attitude, who prefers to stay in a positive state of mind, rather than dwelling in the "place of blood" when it's not necessary. The hexagram says this is fine, as long as the person remains sober and ready to get involved when needed.
The sixth line, yin, shows someone waiting alone in a cave. This shows isolation, but then three people come to help. If the isolated person can receive the visitors well and accept their help, it will all work out.
Hexagram Six—The Struggle to Prove Oneself Right
Although one sincerely believes their position is correct, it will be difficult to prove. Fighting to the finish will only bring unhappiness and spoil important relationships. Meeting with those who disagree, knowing it may only be the first step, may eventually lead to vindication.
The first line, yin, shows one who knows when to stop arguing. Some may criticize such a person, but this attitude shows respect.
The second line, yang, shows its subject defeated in an argument. It is wise to return to a place of peace, to become centered, and put the struggle out of one's mind.
The third line, yin, shows a person who has many accomplishments on the record. The recent setback seems unlucky, but no harm will come from it. One should act without being attached to the results.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who has lost an argument, even if the trial was unfair. The advice is to accept the injustice honorably, while remaining steady. Take steps to prevent the same situation from happening again.
The fifth line, yang, shows that when the facts clearly point in the subject's favor, disputes are won quickly and easily.
The sixth line, yang, shows the subject may win an argument, and be presented with the belt of honor. The honor may be won three times and taken away three times, since winning does not necessarily earn people's respect.
Hexagram Six Commentary
This hexagram speaks about arguments and debate, including lawsuits. Instead of bashing people with truth, it is better to take a gradual and professional approach so the subject can win in the long term. It's necessary to win people's hearts, not just the official prize of winning a debate.
The first line, yin, shows a person who knows when to stop fighting. Through awareness of good timing, this person will succeed in the long run.
The second line, yang, shows a person defeated in an argument. Instead of becoming angry, looking for revenge, this person goes to a peaceful place to regain balance. It's correct to put the struggle aside for a time.
The third line, yin, shows an accomplished person who is not attached to the results, therefore has the ability to accept setbacks and remain enthusiastic.
The fourth line, yang, shows a person who faces injustice, who remains steady. Instead of reacting with anger, the person takes steps to prevent such injustice from happening again.
The fifth line, yang, shows a situation where the truth is so clearly on the subject's side, they will win quickly and easily.
The sixth line, yang, shows a less clear victory. The subject can win the prize, in this case an official belt of honor, but it can just as easily be lost, then won again. In a close contest, a person may win officially, but winning does not necessarily mean winning people's respect.
Hexagram Seven—Leadership
To be an effective leader, one should train the members of the group to be mature and responsible. Similarly, the commander of an army must be able to trust the soldiers and rely on them to make decisions and carry out orders.
The first line, yin, shows that harmony in the group is essential. If an army is disorderly, it cannot fight properly, even for a noble cause.
The second line, yang, shows the leader involved in the action, giving out orders side by side with the troops. His or her participation encourages the other group members.
The third line, yin, says having a leader or group member who acts foolishly is just as bad as losing a soldier in battle.
The fourth line, yin, shows the army resting at a camp in the distance. The wise leader treats people well and encourages team members to balance work and rest.
The fifth line, yin, shows rodents destroying crops. Immature leaders would lose soldiers even on such an easy assignment. Never appoint an unfit person to any job.
The sixth line, yin, shows a great ruler choosing the heads of state. If the leader appoints greedy, inept assistants, the people will loose respect and the country will fall into disorder.
Hexagram Seven Commentary
The introduction to Hexagram Seven says, "To be an effective leader, one should train the members of the group to be mature and responsible." This is the idea of mentorship, which is lacking in many circles. Some leaders want all the power for themselves, but this goes against the Dao. When leaders fail to train younger, or newer people for leadership, they weaken the system. We need leaders who are generous with their power, who are ready to share responsibility with others.
The introduction also says, "the commander of an army must be able to trust the soldiers and rely on them to make decisions and carry out orders." Trust comes from sharing. Leaders who are greedy with their power, who refuse to share it even with their closest associates, ultimately find themselves surrounded by people who envy them, who cannot be trusted. Leaders need to teach as well as lead if they want their associates to learn how to make good decisions and act responsibly.
The first line, yin, says harmony is essential. This value is the basis of the classic business manual, How to Win Friends and Influence People, by Dale Carnegie. Carnegie published his book during the Great Depression, in 1936, and it helped millions of people become better salespeople, better managers, and better executives. Carnegie wrote about how to create harmonious business relationships, listening and taking ideas from employees, and treating customers and employees with respect. Carnegie's book was not about humiliation or scaring people into submission, as we see so often in today's workplaces.
The second line, yang, cements this notion. To create harmony, a good leader works side-by-side with those he leads. The leader is not shut off from the action. A boss who gets down in the mud like everyone else creates a bond with those he leads. A good leader makes people want to cooperate. One of the best tools for invoking cooperation is old-fashioned brainstorming. A brainstorming session is egalitarian. Everyone in the session is equal, because everyone is there to contribute ideas. Even weak or undeveloped ideas are welcome, because small ideas can spark a bigger idea. Everyone in a brainstorming session feels energized to do their part to make the vision a reality.
The third line, yin, is a warning, showing how wrong action results in loss. The hexagram shows how a foolish leader is like no leader, a leader who may as well be lost in a battle. Bad leadership is a tragedy. The difference between a functional group and a chaotic non-functioning group is leadership.
The fourth line, yin, shows the importance of rest. Hexagram Seven clearly states: a wise leader encourages team members to balance work and rest. This is a warning to those of us who tend to throw ourselves at a problem relentlessly and never rest. This is bad leadership, because we tend to ignore our other responsibilities to friends, family, and our own body-mind-spirit. When the whole world is falling down around us, stressing just makes it seem worse. To be whole, we must have time off from stress. This is the purpose of meditation and learning ways to take care of oneself.
The fifth line, yin, is another warning: never appoint an unfit person. The best leaders have experience and knowledge for the job. A smart leader in an agricultural society would have studied methods for fighting rodents, such as using a controlled fire to drive them out. An unqualified leader might go to battle with rats and botch the whole thing, even sustaining casualties. We need good leaders who know what they're doing.
The sixth line, yin, explains in ancient times, the rulers chose the heads of state. Nowadays, we elect leaders. Or at least that's how it's set up. In America we my feel saddled with bad leadership at times, including plenty of arguing about it. However, it's the vacuum of qualified leadership that keeps the dysfunctional system in motion. One thing we can do is learn leadership skills ourselves. Good leadership can spring up from the grass roots, which means it grows organically. Instead of becoming cynical or apathetic, we can attend to what's in our own yards. If more people do that, grassroots can fill the vacuum of leadership to promote patience and healing.
Hexagram Eight—Groups
Hexagram Eight discusses the accord between members of a family, state, or society. If all signs indicate the leader is virtuous and worthy, people will respect the leader. Those who remain skeptical are unlucky because they will lose their way.
The first line, yin, shows one whose heart is a vessel filled with sincerity. Accord with such a person brings good fortune, so it is wise to go out of one's way to encourage harmony.
The second line, yin, shows true harmony with external forces must begin within. Such a fortunate person maintains an attitude of honesty, sincerity, and straight forwardness.
The third line, yin, shows it is useless to strike an accord with someone who has evil objectives. Show tolerance, but don't accept such a person into confidence.
The fourth line, yin, says it is wise to seek accord with those who are in a more advanced state of knowledge or consciousness.
The fifth line, yang, shows a king chasing game in three directions, but because the townspeople understand he is hunting, they do not become alarmed. The subject has made their intentions clear so people are ready for what happens next.
The sixth line, yin, says harmony alone is not enough. There must be forward movement or nothing is accomplished.
Hexagram Eight Commentary
Hexagram Eight looks at the relationships between members of a family, state, or society. The order within the group is attributed to good leadership. When the leader is benevolent, it's good to follow the leader. People who reject good leadership will lose their way.
The first line, yin, shows a sincere person acting to bring harmony to a group. Working together with such people brings stability and progress.
The second line, yin, speaks of the inner and outer reality. In this case, people's inner harmony contributes to social harmony. This becomes a positive feedback loop, so honest people may live in a social structure that mirrors their own sincerity and ability to communicate to resolve problems as they arise.
The third line, yin, explains how honest people treat people who have ulterior motives and evil intentions. It's good to show tolerance, but it would be useless to try to come to an agreement with negative people, or accept them into confidence.
Rather than try to change ill-intentioned people, the fourth line, yin, recommends seeking accord with people who are more mature, who have attained a higher state of consciousness. This is similar to modern self-help advice. Instead of trying to change somebody, it is better to decide whether to keep that person as a friend. If so, it is essential to accept the person as they are. If not, shed draining relationships and open the door for more compatible friends.
The fifth line, yang, explains leaders must be transparent and accountable to their followers. They must share their plans and goals. The metaphor is of a king running through the forest with a weapon, "chasing game in three directions." However, because the king's intentions are clear, the townspeople are not alarmed.
The sixth line, yin, explains the real test of a group is not the level of harmony, but how much it accomplishes. Forward movement—progress—is the real test of a successful society.
Hexagram Nine—Power of the Small harvest
Hexagram Nine is on faith in a higher power. A person encounters obstacles that are overcome through patience and flexibility. There are dense clouds, but no rain showers the fields. Although the rain is needed, there's nothing people can do to make it fall.
The first line, yang, shows its subject performing routine activities, rather than concentrating on the rain clouds. This is the proper attitude.
The second line, yang, shows that through the good example of the subject in line one, another person stops worrying and goes about his or her regular activities. This is again fortunate.
The third line, yang, shows a carriage broken down on the road. Its occupants, a husband and wife, blame each other for the situation and refuse to look at each other. This is a negative attitude.
The fourth line, yin, shows a person in a similar situation as the couple in line three. Rather than blame the spouse, this person understands the inevitable ups and downs of life and practices patience.
The fifth line, yang, shows another introspective person, who not only practices patience, but unites with others to infuse hope.
The sixth line, yang, shows that the rain has fallen and everyone has gotten the benefit. Unfortunately, the people who became angry in line three are still in an unfortunate position, with possible negative consequences.
Hexagram Nine Commentary
At times, life brings challenges where there is nowhere else to turn besides patient faith. It doesn't make sense to argue or cast blame. The example in this hexagram is rain. Although the fields need water and there are dense clouds in the sky, there's nothing the subject can do to make the rain fall.
The person in the first line, yang, goes about routine activities, rather than focusing on the clouds. This is the proper attitude.
The person in the second line, yang, takes the good example of the person in the first line, and also adopts the proper attitude of trust.
The third line, yang, explains the incorrect attitude. The picture in this line is a husband and wife in a broken down carriage. Instead of a rational response, they argue and blame each other for their predicament.
The person in the fourth line, yin, is in an equally difficult situation, but this person realized times like this are meant for acceptance and ideas, not anger. This person has the correct attitude.
The person in the fifth line, yang, adds another dimension to the correct attitude. In addition to practicing trust and patience, this person unites with others to inspire hope.
Finally in the sixth line, yang, the rain falls, and everyone benefits. However, the people who were fighting remain unfortunate. If they continue to fail to learn how to get along in life's stressful situations, they are doomed to continue their arguments or split up.
Hexagram Ten—Walking on Dangerous Ground
This hexagram shows its subject stepping on the tail of a tiger without being bitten. If one can do such a dangerous thing when necessary, it will work out for the good.
The first line, yang, shows a person walking on his or her usual path. No harm will come by continuing.
The second line, yang, shows an ordinary person walking a level path. If this person continues with a sincere and steadfast attitude, remaining sober and dedicated, everything will work out.
The third line, yin, shows unqualified and arrogant leaders who tempt fate. Inevitably, a nearly-blind person and an injured person step on a tiger's tail and the tiger bites them. This is unfortunate, especially with an unqualified leader who only pretends to do noble acts to protect the citizens.
The fourth line, yang, shows a thoughtful person stepping on the tiger's tail. Because this person maintains vigilance, the tiger does not bite and everything works out.
The fifth line, yang, shows that although a person maintains a positive attitude, the danger is real, and due caution is advised.
The sixth line, yang, explains that one must examine the path carefully and look at the overall situation, as well as the details.
Hexagram Ten Commentary
In times of crisis, some attitudes help, while others make things worse. The introduction shows a person who steps on a tiger's tail in the line of duty. In today's world we see fire fighters and police who race toward a disaster. The introduction to Hexagram Ten says, "If one can do such a dangerous thing when necessary, it will work out for the good."
When we realize there's a disaster, such as a mass shooting or hurricane, maybe we watch it unfold on TV, but it doesn't directly impact our own life. The first line, yang, says no harm will come if we continue on with the day we had planned, while feeling compassion for those who are directly affected.
In the long term, disaster after disaster may pile up, but the second line, yang, shows an "ordinary person walking a level path." For those not directly touched, the best thing is to continue on with life as usual. While people in a neighboring state go through difficulty, the rest of us keep things going for them. Social stability will help turn things around later.
The third line, yin, shows arrogant leaders bragging, and pretending to take care of their citizens. Unfortunately, two vulnerable citizens fall into the chaos, as the hexagram puts it, they "step on a tiger's tail" and are bitten. The hexagram says the leaders do not do anything to help the situation, and do not deserve the responsibilities entrusted to them.
After the situations settles down, investigators come in to find out what happened. Line four, yang, shows "a thoughtful person stepping on the tiger's tail." The investigator maintains caution, and the tiger does not bite. Ultimately the investigator's work is successful.
The fifth line, yang, shows a situation where a positive attitude can't change things. The hexagram says, "the danger is real." It is best to stay out of the way of first responders and investigators. Don't try to look on the bright side, because for those close to the situation, there may be no bright side for the time being.
The sixth line, yang, confirms the tenuous nature of some of life's situations. The most positive attitude one can take is to "examine the path carefully" and study the details. In other words, in dark days in life, the best attitude is to remain serious to stay safe until danger passes.
Hexagram Eleven—Tranquility
In a period of relative prosperity one rejoices in life and deals with the routine problems of living. It is not time to launch an attack; aggression would bring ruin.
The first line, yang, shows that pulling up a clump of grass brings with it other stalks that are connected by the roots. The image signifies that one action accomplishes unexpected results and leads to further projects.
The second line, yang, shows one who is tolerant, generous, and balanced. This person is acting in harmony with the Dao.
The third line, yang, means that despite life's inevitable changes and distress, a firm and steady attitude ensures success.
The fourth line, yin, shows weakness. Rather than developing one's own strength, one looks to others who cannot always help.
The fifth line, yin, shows a king celebrating the marriage of his younger sister. There is great auspiciousness in generous, right action.
The sixth line, yin, shows an unfortunate mood of retaliation. It is not the time to attack enemies, but to tolerate. Aggressive action will cause regret.
Hexagram Eleven Commentary
Hexagram Eleven offers advice for the times when things are already moving in a positive direction. The introduction says this is a time to rejoice, not to attack other people or start fights.
The first line, yang, shows clumps of grass growing in the water, connected at the roots. When things are going well, the subject's actions will lead to further inspiration and good connections. The metaphor is of pulling up a clump of grass and bringing other stalks and roots with it.
The second line, yang, shows a strong person living through a season of tranquility, who goes with the flow. This person knows how to be happy.
The third line, yang, confirms the value of a good attitude when times are good. It says, "a firm and steady attitude ensures success."
The fourth line, yin, shows a person who is unable to accept the good in a situation, who complains to others and expects other people to carry them, even when times are good. This shows a lack of inner strength, something other people cannot provide.
The fifth line, yin, shows a good king celebrating the marriage of his younger sister. The king personifies the attitude of generosity and finding joy in other people's good fortune.
When times are good, it's best to focus on what's working. Life will still present routine problems to solve, but getting angry and attacking others over the small stuff is a big mistake. According to the sixth line, yin, "it is not the time to attack enemies, but to tolerate. Aggressive action will cause regret.
Hexagram Twelve—The Strong Trying to Obstruct the Weak
When the strong demonstrate their lack of benevolence, trying to obstruct the weak, it creates an unbalanced situation. The inhumanity of the strong will ultimately lead to their defeat.
The first line, yin, shows one who pulls up a clump of grass, bringing with it other stalks that are connected by the roots. This signifies a good outcome if the person remains honest and sincere, while exploitation and greed will lead to ruin.
The second line, yin, shows a docile and obedient worker accepting service in a humble mood. If the leader exploits the workers it leads to negative consequences for the leader. He would be better off to improve the workers' situation.
The third line, yin, shows its subject feeling ashamed for taking advantage of the weak. This person can redeem the situation through sincere understanding and apology.
The fourth line, yang, shows that affairs have been rectified and brought into harmony. Friends will share in the happiness of one who has mended all transgressions.
The fifth line, yang, shows the leader situated in the proper position, though the temptation to exploit and mistreat others is still present.
The sixth line, yang, shows the leader setting things right once and for all. Such action brings happiness.
Hexagram Twelve Commentary
In comedy, they say a joke is only funny if it "punches up." That means a good joke can make fun of the strong, but it's not funny when the strong make fun of the weak. This hexagram says it's the same with social interactions. It's not acceptable for the strong to obstruct the weak. It mirrors the Bible verse that says, "Blessed are the weak for they shall inherit the earth" (Matthew 5.5). Hexagram Twelve points out the inhumanity of the strong oppressing the weak and says the obstructors will encounter defeat.
The first line, yin, begins with the same metaphor from Hexagram Eleven, a person who pulls up a clump of grass and receives the blessings of the connected stalks and roots. However, it warns against using that power for exploitation and greed.
The second line, yin, offers the metaphor of a humble worker. It says the leader should try to improve a worker's situation. If the leader exploits the worker instead, it will bring consequences for the leader.
The third line, yin, shows a leader who listens to their conscience, who regrets taking advantage of the weak. This is fortunate because through apologies and amends, the leader can correct past mistakes.
The fourth line, yang, shows how mending past transgressions can restore harmony.
The fifth line, yang, warns the leader to make basic attitude changes, as well as offering apologies. While apologies and amends can fix a mistake, without a fundamental change in attitude, the tendency to exploit others may still be present inside. Apologizing then making the same mistakes again just makes things worse.
The sixth line, yang, shows a leader who goes through a personal transformation. Once someone changes their heart, it also changes their behavior. This is the theme of the famous Charles Dickens novel, A Christmas Carol, first published in 1843, that has inspired upward of sixteen movies since 1908. In the story, the ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future visit the old miser Ebenezer Scrooge and enlighten him. He wakes up Christmas morning a more generous and kind man.
Hexagram Thirteen—Fellowship
Hexagram Thirteen shows the natural state of fire below and sky above. The people in a small town are peaceful when they are not influenced by the self-centered attitudes of the city. Being fixed in this attitude is a good time to begin new projects.
The first line, yang, shows the representative of the people coming to the gate. This person greets others as equals and makes no distinctions of family, race, or gender.
The second line, yang, shows a leader respecting only their own family. This attitude will bring shame and regret.
The third line, yang, shows that prejudice is impotent, like a general who keeps his soldiers hiding in the bushes and ready on the hillside without attacking.
The fourth line, yang, indicates good fortune if a prejudice person can give up the desire to attack people who are different.
The fifth line, yin, shows a compassionate person who is aggrieved by injustice and prejudice. This person uses strength and humor to bring people together.
The sixth line, yang, shows the representative of the people working in the outskirts of the town. Leadership means working with people on an equal footing, not as a dictator.
Hexagram Thirteen Commentary
This hexagram shows people living the old fashioned way in a small town. This lifestyle suggests nostalgia for a time when people were "not influenced by the self-centered attitudes of the city." In a peaceful state of mind like this, good things can happen.
The first line, yang, shows a leader who treats everyone equally. Longing for a time when everyone feels like they belong and they are respected is at the heart of the nostalgia people feel for life in a small town.
The second line, yang, shows a person who only respects his or her own family. This is a shame and will lead to regret.
The third line, yang, calls prejudice "impotent" and compares it to "a general who keeps his soldiers hiding in the bushes and ready on the hillside without attacking." This is a shame because he could have done so much more if only he could have opened up his mind.
The fourth line, yang, says the cure for prejudice is when the prejudiced person "can give up the desire to attack people who are different." This is not as easy as it sounds, since bigoted attitudes are deeply engrained.
The fifth line, yin, recommends those of us who are "aggrieved by injustice and prejudice" speak up. It is possible to bring people together through "strength and humor." This gets back to the concept of humor "punching up." Comedians speak for the ordinary people unhappy with the leaders, and we see this in our world today. It may be risky for a serious pundit to contradict racist leaders. However, comedians do it all the time and get away with it. This concept is universal and goes back centuries to the court jester, who was often the only person who could offer an honest critique to a ruler.
The sixth line, yang, shows the leader working side-by-side with the people. The hexagram concludes, "Leadership means working with people on an equal footing, not as a dictator."
Hexagram Fourteen—Wealth
Hexagram Fourteen shows a wealthy kingdom, family, or individual. The only danger is that excessive pride may enter, but most likely the subject will remain humble.
The first line, yang, shows its subject avoiding a troublesome situation. This is the correct reaction.
The second line, yang, shows a wagon carrying a heavy load. It is auspicious to move forward at this time.
The third line, yang, shows a qualified person performing great works. An unqualified person, through undue pride, would make mistakes.
The fourth line, yang, shows that powerful people are able to control themselves in difficult situations.
The fifth line, yin, shows the humility of truly great people, and the support of all those around them. They are worthy leaders.
The sixth line, yang, shows a person who derives strength from a higher power.
Hexagram Fourteen Commentary
The introduction to this hexagram establishes a situation where life is as good as it gets. The main downfall would be arrogance, but it says, "most likely the subject will remain humble."
The first line, yang, shows a humble person with good emotional boundaries who feels free to say no to situations that may bring trouble. We all need to say no when necessary, and the line confirms, "This is the correct traction."
The second line, yang, is a picture of a wagon carrying a heavy load. It says in this situation, the proper thing to do is move forward. When you're doing life well, simply keep going.
The third line, yang, shows why one person's life may work well and another person's life may not work at all. In this example, the first person is qualified and knows what they're doing. The other person is arrogant and unqualified. The arrogant person can try to accomplish things, but will probably make mistakes.
Qualified people learn to control themselves in stressful situations. The fourth line, yang, says this is the correct attitude.
Truly great people gain others' support because of their good qualities like integrity and humbleness. The fifth line, yin says, "They are worthy leaders."
There are times in life when we must draw on inner strength and trust our higher power. The sixth line, yang, shows trusting a benevolent higher power is the correct attitude.
Hexagram Fifteen—Humbleness
Hexagram Fifteen explains how humility brings the blessings of nature, heaven, and associates.
The first line, yin, shows a qualified person who remains humble. Such a person will be successful.
The second line, yin, shows that it is okay to express humility, as long as it is sincere, and the person remains steadfast.
The third line, yang, shows a hard working person who is humble. They will be successful and others will follow their example.
The fourth line, yin, shows that humility is appropriate in every situation, since it brings out the best in other people.
The fifth line, yin, shows that when there is discord, one may humbly approach one's neighbors for a resolution. This will bring peace and prosperity to everyone.
The sixth line, yin, shows a humble person left out, wronged, or cheated. This person can act to restore order and balance to the situation without appearing proud or overly aggressive. There is no fault in such action.
Hexagram Fifteen Commentary
Hexagram Fifteen continues the theme of humbleness as the best attitude. It says humbleness "brings the blessings of nature, heaven, and associates.
The first line, yin, simply restates the law of the Dao that a qualified and humble person will succeed in the end.
The second line, yin, says it's okay to express humility, but be wary of bragging about humility. A humble person must remain steadfast, not fall into arrogance.
The third line, yang, showas a humble worker who becomes a leader because other people respect them.
The fourth line, yin, says humility is the appropriate attitude in every situation because "it brings out the best in other people." Restraining one's own ego allows other people to step forward and take some of the limelight, or focus of attention.
Humbleness does not invite exploitation, because as the fifth line, yin, says, when necessary it is wise to "humbly approach one's neighbors for a resolution." Talking things out will preserve the peace.
The sixth line, yin, confirms this. It says when a humble person feels left out, wronged, or cheated, the solution is to talk. This line does not endorse an act of pride or angry confrontation, but says a simple discussion will usually lead to resolution.
Hexagram Sixteen—Harmony
When there is a general state of happiness, people will support new projects. Enthusiasm helps move things forward, but excess can stop progress.
The first line, yin, shows a self-satisfied person bragging about their happy condition. Such a demonstration will bring bad luck. It is better to keep one's feelings to oneself for now.
The second line, yin, shows its subject acting on intuition without hesitating. It is important to act quickly; success will be in proportion to one's balance and sincerity.
The third line, yin, shows one who is in a position for which they are not suited, who looks to heaven to supply happiness and success. Their situation is faulty and must be rectified at once, because there is more work to do..
The fourth line, yang, shows one who is successful and a pleasure to know. This person feels unconditional love and trust for others, and thus attracts many worthy friends.
The fifth line, yin, shows a greedy, complaining person who maintains a position of power, but because this person makes others miserable, it is an unhappy situation for everyone. It is like a terminally ill, bitter person who lingers on indefinitely.
The sixth line, yin, shows a sincere, steadfast person who has obtained the height of happiness. Everything is temporary, but for this person, happiness is never lost, for it simply changes to another form.
Hexagram Sixteen Commentary
This is another hexagram with instructions for life's good days. In this case, it's a time of harmony, which is perfect for pursuing new plans. The introduction says in times of harmony, people will support the subject's actions.
The first line, yin, is another warning against arrogance. It shows a self-satisfied person bragging. This attitude can trigger procrastination and mistakes. The line recommends, "It is better to keep one's feelings to oneself for now."
The second line, yin, shows the proper attitude of spontaneous action without considering the ego. The point is to move forward with plans while the timing is right. There is no time to sit back and brag.
The third line, yin, explains that if a person finds a great opportunity, but fails to take action, then they were not suited for the job to begin with. It says the person "looks to heaven to supply happiness and success." However, this is a time for action. Success will not simply fall from the sky.
The fourth line, yang, explains the correct attitude to meet a perfect moment of opportunity. The attitudes of unconditional love and trust for others makes a person a pleasure to know and attracts worthy friends.
The fifth line, yin, shows the opposite attitude. The person in this line has power, but is a miserable, complaining wreck. This person could be compared to a bitter, terminally ill person who lingers on indefinitely, creating only a situation where they make everybody else miserable.
The sixth line, yin, summarizes the positive attitude again. A person who can embrace harmony when it appears is truly happy. The person in the final line realizes the moment is temporary, but for someone with an open heart, happiness remains, "for it simply changes to another form."
Hexagram Seventeen—Natural Cycles
This hexagram discusses cycles where it is auspicious to begin new projects. Great advantage comes from being firm, yet flexible, just as the natural seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall come and go in a different, but inevitable pattern each year. Day and night also provide a natural, but varied cycle.
The first line, yang, shows a change in one's responsibilities and activities. It is an opportunity to prove oneself to others.
The second line, yin, shows a person of age and experience who becomes fearful like a child. Perhaps it is time the subject asserts more responsibility and uses the adult qualities they possess.
The third line, yin, denotes an adult who denies the inner child, who pushes aside their sense of wonder and imagination. Once the hard work of the day is done, allow some time for fun. This will refresh and enliven the spirit.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who becomes too materialistic, obsessed with the gains of hard labor. This is an unfortunate situation, since the real happiness of success will be lost. Realizing the situation, one can strive to change it.
The fifth line, yang, shows a sincere person who works hard to achieve inner, as well as outer happiness. This brings success.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who is bound to duty, as if in a pact with the gods. Success will be limited, since this person is not really free.
Hexagram Seventeen Commentary
Like the last hexagram, Hexagram Seventeen describes the attitude for an auspicious beginning to a new project. The attitude of this hexagram is flexibility. The introduction describes the natural flux and change of the world: "seasons of winter, spring, summer, and fall come and go in a different, but inevitable pattern each year. Day and night also provide a natural but varied cycle."
The first line, yang, says when change comes, it is beset to remain dedicated. Take change as "an opportunity to prove oneself to others."
The second line, yin, shows an experienced older person who is intimidated by change. The advice is to act maturely and take responsibly.
The third line, yin, shows a person who has turned brittle and lost the sense of wonder and delight the world offers. The line advises such a person to take time off when the day's work is done, to allow time for fun. This will replenish the spirit.
The fourth line, yang, warns against materialism. People who focus too much on money as the sign of success will lose track of what makes life meaningful. Realizing this flawed attitude, try to change it.
The fifth line, yang, shows the successful attitude of balance. It's a sincere person "who works hard to achieve inner, as well as outer happiness."
The sixth line, yin, shows a person who is overly strict with life, "as if in a pact with the gods." This person may fulfill their duty successfully, but this attitude limits the person's sense of fulfillment. The line concludes, "Success will be limited, since this person is not really free."
Hexagram Eighteen—Challenge
Hexagram Eighteen explains the work people need to do to restore a situation that has fallen into chaos and decay. One needs to consider the events that led to the situation and identify the events that must follow. The hexagram offers the metaphor of a son or daughter taking up the work of the deceased parents.
The first line, yin, shows a child carrying on the work of the parents. There is much opportunity.
The second line, yang, shows a child taking up the work of the family. It is better to do good work, rather than worry about what people say. Through good work, reputation will be restored.
The third line, yang, shows a child carrying on the work of the parents. It is better to make small errors, because that's the best way to learn. The effort alone is praiseworthy.
The fourth line, yin, shows a child dwelling on the parent's mistakes. Work done in this mood will bring only shame.
The fifth line, yin, shows a child willing and able to continue the family's work. Because the young apprentice learns to use the right tools, others will praise him/her.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who follows a career outside the family line. This person may work in the same mood of service and obtains the same results. This is the correct attitude of dedication and is worthy of praise.
Hexagram Eighteen Commentary
This hexagram offers a metaphor of a son or daughter taking up the unfinished work of the parents. The meaning is to work on a situation that has fallen into decay. The introduction says, "One needs to consider the events that led to the situation and identify the events that must follow." It is shown as an intergenerational regeneration because the previous situation was fully destroyed, like parents who died.
The first line, yin, shows a child carrying on the parents' work. It's honorable and the work is an opportunity.
The second line, yang, shows when a child takes on the family business, it's best if the child puts the focus on the quality of work. Worrying about the family reputation, or depending too much on the family reputation, is the wrong focus of attention. If a situation has fallen into chaos and decay, depending on the reputation from before the decay is hypocritical. Fixing the situation will take honest work, not trying to prop up what used to be.
The third line, yang, says the new effort may not be perfect, but it will be made perfect by learning from small mistakes. Even with mistakes included along the way, this line says, "The effort alone is praiseworthy." The calling to restore a situation, such as carrying on a family business, is what's important.
The fourth line, yin, explains the difference between examining the past and dwelling on the parents' mistakes. The introduction says to "consider" what led to the chaos and decay. Knowing the past can help steer the course to what needs to happen. However, it is better to dwell on the solutions instead of the mistakes.
The fifth line, yin, shows the best attitude. The heir to the work learns to use the correct tools. Things will come together and the subject of the fifth line will win admiration and praise.
In a situation that has fallen into chaos and decay, the opportunity to repair the situation may fall at the feet of the children. However, line six, yang, shows a person who chooses to say no to the opportunity. This person goes into another line of work with the same attitude of sincerity and purpose. The attitude is most important in this situation.
Hexagram Nineteen—Wise Management
There is possibility for growth in all directions, but the wise manager remembers to watch for the problems that inevitably come in any endeavor. The hexagram predicts problems in the eighth month, which symbolizes the last phase, as the Western equivalent to "the eleventh hour."
The first line, yang, shows its subject walking with the person in the second line. The person in the first line observes the situation and enforces the rules to ensure good results. This person would do well to realize that sometimes the rules must be bent slightly to suit a situation.
The second line, yang, shows its subject walking with the person in the first line. This person in the second line is the creative partner; their insights and ideas will provide assurance in every situation. The two partners may represent the two sides of the self, discipline and imagination.
The third line, yin, shows that management has become lax. Becoming aware of the situation the two partners work together to get it under control.
The fourth line, yin, shows proper management is achieved.
In the fifth line, yin, management is handled with great intelligence. When things are planned and managed properly, such wisdom will bring great success.
The sixth line, yin, shows that the partners have worked with integrity and generosity to bring about success.
Hexagram Nineteen Commentary
A qualified manager has a sense of what to do to make a project successful. In addition, a wise manager understands what can go wrong and knows what to do. The introduction says, "The hexagram predicts problems in the eighth month," which is an idiom similar to our modern use of the idiom "the eleventh hour," or "last minute." The solution expressed in this hexagram is of two people walking together, one who represents the disciplined side of the self, and the other who represents the creative imagination.
The first line, yang, shows the disciplined person who supplies the expertise and enforces the rules. Sometimes the rules must be bent, but this person knows the limits because of experience.
The second line, yang, shows the creative person walking along side the subject of the first line. Together the line says they represent "the two sides of the self, discipline and imagination."
The third line, yin, shows how the two sides of the self work together. For example, if management becomes lax, they work together to restore balance.
The fourth line, yin, affirms, discipline and imagination working together in harmony will avert last minute disasters, or fix them, and this is the correct attitude.
The fifth line, yin, affirms again, intelligence, creativity, and planning ahead lead to success.
The sixth line, yin, affirms for the third time, the combination of integrity (discipline) and generosity (creative intelligence) brings success.
Hexagram Twenty—Reverence
Hexagram Twenty focuses on one who is purified and ready to make sacred offerings. This is the proper mood to bring about good results while waiting for events to unfold.
The first line, yin, shows a child who observes events innocently. This is fine for a child, but an adult must have a plan of action.
The second line, yin, shows one who coyly looks upon a situation. This is fine for a docile person, but the time has come to be strong.
The third line, yin, shows an introspective person contemplating the events of their life. This is good because they will know how to take action when the time comes.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who contemplates the results they wish to receive. It is encouraging to concentrate on one's goal.
The fifth line, yang, shows a mature person contemplating their mission in life. The subject must take the welfare of others into consideration when they contemplate their own purpose.
The sixth line, yang, shows a mature person contemplating their own character. Such a person is advanced beyond their own perception and will do good work for others.
Hexagram Twenty Commentary
This hexagram explains the right attitudes while waiting for events to unfold. The attitude in the introduction is personified in a person who is purified and ready to make sacrificial offerings.
The first line, yin, shows an innocent child who observes events. This works at the beginning, but the situation really calls for an adult who can see ahead due to experience, and create a plan.
The second line, yin, shows a docile person observing events. However, the situation demands a strong person.
The third line, yin, shows an introspective person. This attitude shows both maturity and strength. The introspective person will be ready to take action when the time comes.
The fourth line, yin, shows a person who uses autosuggestion to envision the desired results. This line affirms the attitude of positive visualization, saying, "It is encouraging to concentrate on one's goal."
The fifth line, yang, reminds the subject to consider the highest good in their vision of the future. Once events unfold under the subject's personal vision, it will affect many other people's lives as well.
The sixth line, yang, shows a person who is courageous enough to do a searching moral inventory of their own character. The hexagram confirms this is the correct attitude. The plans of such a visionary will benefit many people.
Hexagram Twenty-one—Biting Through
Hexagram Twenty-one is gnawing, or persistence. Such persistence can be seen in a legal tort, where one party pursues the other with tenacity. The analogy of biting into flesh shows the violent, but necessary attitude to succeed in this heated situation.
The first line, yang, shows one with his feet inside tight socks, feeling as if the toes will never come out again. Such constraint forces one to recognize the immediacy of the situation and act accordingly.
The second line, yin, shows one who bites another's nose, and through force of purpose, bites it off. Truth and justice are the motivating force, so there is no blame.
The third line, yin, shows one who is tenacious, who bites into flesh and finds something disagreeable. There will be some regret, but they have not committed a great error.
The fourth line, yang, shows one gnawing dried meat on a bone. Realizing the difficulty, one must work with diligence. Ultimately efforts are rewarded with money and gold arrows.
The fifth line, yin, shows one gnawing on dried flesh. The position is dangerous, but with care and determination, one finds the sought after gold.
The sixth line, yang, shows one bound by a slave's yoke. There is a warning not to invest one's higher self in the conflict. Better to fight with great strength, while remaining inwardly detached.
Hexagram Twenty-one Commentary
This hexagram discusses those situations in life that exert intense, persistent pressure. These portals in life may seem unbearable while they're happening, so it takes persistence to get through. The introduction compares these life experiences to the violence of biting through flesh.
The first line, yang, shows a situation that feels constrictive and unending. The metaphor is tight socks that squeeze the toes.
The second line, yin, shows the persistence to achieve justice in this situation must be as firm as biting off an assailant's nose to escape.
The third line, yin, shows tenacity and aggression with some regret. It's compared to biting into flesh and finding it disagreeable. Some situations are simply disagreeable. Perhaps there was an easier, nicer, and less aggressive way to find justice, so there may be some regret. However, given the circumstances, aggression seemed necessary, and was one way to solve the problem.
The fourth line, yang, shows its subject gnawing dried meat on a bone. This is a metaphor for a difficult situation dragging on with little to show. Careful continued work is ultimately rewarded.
The fifth line, yin, shows one gnawing on dried flesh. Again, it may feel like a nearly endless and fruitless pursuit. But with the goal in site, the work will ultimately pay off.
The sixth line, yang, shows a person whose body is bound in a slave's yoke. While life struggles may seem endless and exhausting at times, the hexagram concludes it is "better to fight with great strength, while remaining inwardly detached." In Sidereal astrology, long painful struggles are associated with Saturn, the stern schoolmaster. Through sorrow, pressure, and constraint, saturnine trials teach a young soul life is not just for fun. Episodes of struggle teach people to take life seriously.
Hexagram Twenty-two—External Decoration
Adorning oneself or being attracted to outer decoration in others is secondary to the real treasure, which lies within.
The first line, yang, shows one who has decorated the path, then gets out of the carriage to walk. This is the true wealth of simplicity and honest work.
The second line, yin, shows a man brushing and trimming his beard. Although he attends to details, he is not attached to outer appearances.
The third line, yang, shows one who wears jewels and gold. Remaining steady in purpose, respecting internal wealth as much as external, is the best attitude.
In the fourth line, yin, a winged angel dressed in white, riding a white horse, gives blessings to the subject of the first line. Another person follows, wishing to put differences to rest with one so blessed.
In the fifth line, yin, an opulent being appears, bearing a small bolt of silk. Although the gift appears meager, this being's real wealth lies in charm and good humor.
The sixth line, yang, shows its subject dressed in white with no jewelry or ornamentation. There is no error in this, for inward aims and purpose are more important than outward adornment.
Hexagram Twenty-two Commentary
Learning the lessons of great struggle from the previous hexagram, Hexagram Twenty-two addresses the real purpose of being. The treasures of wisdom and accomplishment held inside are more important than outward adornment. This hexagram gives examples of people who value inward adornment.
The first line, yang, shows a subject who has decorated a path, who gets out of the carriage to walk. In this case, outer adornment reflects the wealth of simplicity and honest. The person in the first line receives blessings from higher beings in subsequent lines.
The second line, yin, shows a man attending to the details of brushing and trimming his beard. The message is of detachment, taking care of one's beard not out of vanity, but because it grows and requires care.
The third line, yang, confirms the previous lines. If a person wears jewels and gold, it is not to show off status symbols, but to reflect and celebrate inner wealth.
The fourth line, yin, shows a luminescent being like an angel dressed in white, riding a white horse, who brings blessings to the subject of the first line. After that, another person arrives, "wishing to put differences to rest with one so blessed," as the line explains.
In the fifth line, yin, a third being appears. Although a god of infinite wealth, the being offers the subject of the first line a small bolt of silk. Although the gift is small, the real gift the being offers is mirth and blessings. This line confirms inner adornment as the real gift a being can offer.
The sixth line, yang, once again confirms inner adornment as the real worth. In this line, its subject appears "dressed in white with no jewelry or ornamentation." This shows inner strength is more important than outer adornment.
Hexagram Twenty-three—Overthrowing the Old Order
Succession of leadership passes down through the generations. All families, companies, and other organizations have their patriarchs and matriarchs, who were there first. When new generations come up, a time inevitably arrives when the younger generation takes the reigns. The more gentle the transition, the better, but in many instances, change comes with a price.
The first line, yin, shows a person overturning a throne by destroying its legs. The change is abrupt, and carried out without forethought, therefore bringing misfortune.
The second line, yin, shows a person overturning a throne and destroying its frame. This signifies harsh criticism without suggesting a solution, which will bring only misfortune.
The third line, yin, shows anarchy. Individual members of the group act to obliterate the rulers, but in the end one among them becomes the ruler. This is the natural course.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who overturns a throne and injures the person who sat upon it. Unnecessary violence brings misfortune.
In the fifth line, yin, the emergent leader soothes everyone in society and restores order in the palace. This person's actions will bring good fortune in all spheres.
The sixth line, yang, likens the new leader to a decorative wreath of fruit, which is not meant to be eaten. Honorable people rejoice in the new order, while angry people carry on the war within their own households. Their discontent lies within themselves.
Hexagram Twenty-three Commentary
Hexagram Twenty-three offers a blueprint for change. Rather than attacks from outside, like invasions or natural disasters, it addresses ordinary systemic change. In any group, from families to companies to government, the leadership changes as people pass through the lifecycles of youth to middle age, and into old age.
The first line, yin, shows abrupt change. This may be due to discontent in the younger generation, after grievances build up and are not addressed. The metaphor is a person overturning a throne by destroying the legs. A violent transition may cause more problems than it solves. It's best to think things through, and talk things out when necessary.
The second line, yin, shows the heirs to power destroying the frame, or framework of the throne, the seat of power. Instead of cooperating for the good of the throne, they just complain and criticize. If this situation persists, it can damage things so badly there may not be much left to inherit when the older generation retires.
The third line, yin, shows the worst case scenario, where elders neglect the upcoming generation, yet refuse to step aside. Under this hypocrisy it is common for the younger or newer members to rebel, creating anarchy to topple the old regime. Then in natural course, one of the rebels becomes the new leader.
The fourth line, yin, shows a situation where the rebellion begins even though unwarranted. Rebels overturn the throne, injuring the rightful leader. This violence is wrong.
In whichever way change is achieved, the fifth line, yin, shows the most desirable outcome: "the emergent leader soothes everyone in society and restores order in the palace."
The sixth line, the only yang line, explains, even if the new leader is the blessing described in the fifth line, some people will still be unhappy about the changes. They will go off and continue their grievances in their own homes.
Hexagram Twenty-four—Returning
Hexagram Twenty-four deals with the idea of returning, coming back, or doing things over again. At first there will be no error, despite many troubles. But there must be a change of attitude, a humbling experience, in the end, which will mark defeat and much grief. The only way to avoid this is to strive for complete honesty and integrity.
The first line, yang, shows some errors, even repeated errors, but no obvious consequences.
The second line, yin, shows a happy return, with no errors.
The third line, yin, shows one who has made repeated returns, each time having to do the work over again. But the person is steadfast in their work, so there is no fault.
The fourth line, yin, shows a person who is able to adopt the right attitude and return to the proper path.
The fifth line, yin, shows one who is able to take an honest look at themself, and admit their mistakes. This is a noble position and this person is well situated on their path.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who has gone astray. The base elements of the person, and of society, challenge the finer elements. This brings bad fortune, and if let go to the extreme will eventually bring legal, or other serious problems.
Hexagram Twenty-four Commentary
This hexagram explains second chances. The introduction says it's "the idea of returning, coming back, or doing things over again." If the subject gets a second chance at a situation botched up in the past, the best way to change the outcome is "to strive for complete honesty and integrity."
The first line, the only yang line, shows the subject repeating errors, but nothing bad happens. Things will seem okay at first, but if the errors fouled things up the first time, it could turn bad again if the subject repeat the same mistakes.
The second line, yin, shows a happy return to a situation where the subject did everything correctly the first time. Everything is fine in this return.
The third line, yin, shows one who returns to a situation where the same amount of hard work is waiting, and they have to work hard again to get everything done. Even if the work is difficult, the correct attitude is to keep at it. This also goes for routine chores people do over and over as time goes by.
The fourth line, yin, shows someone who returns to a situation with a better attitude than before. Simply due to this change, the person gets back on the proper path.
The fifth line, yin, shows someone who can look at their own mistakes objectively. This is a good quality and noble position for moving forward in life.
The sixty line, yin, shows the opposite—a person who cannot come to terms with their own bad attitudes and bad habits. This is unfortunate because repeated failures can lead to legal issues or other serious problems.
Hexagram Twenty-five—Reckless Action
A bad situation can be redeemed, but it would be better to do nothing than to act recklessly.
The first line, yang, shows a sincere person who acts carefully. Such activity will bring good fortune.
The second line, yin, shows one who fails to cultivate their fields. By the third year there is little grain to harvest, and blaming the field itself, the subject wishes to start something else.
The third line, yin, shows one who is sincere, but who has neglected certain details. When a cow goes missing, they unfairly accuses the townspeople of theft.
The fourth line, yang, shows that through serious effort a situation is made right.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who has fallen ill with a psychosomatic illness. The cure involves setting oneself back on the true path and diligently performing the work at hand.
The sixth line, yang, shows its subject at an impasse. Going forward at this time will only cause more problems.
Hexagram Twenty-five Commentary
This hexagram is about the dangers of reckless action. It usually causes mistakes and can lead to disaster. The introduction says, "it would be better to do nothing than to act recklessly.
The first line, yang, shows the right way to do a thing—carefully, with attention to detail.
The metaphor of the second line, yin, shows a person who fails to cultivate their fields. This is a yin, or passive type of recklessness. By the third year there is little to harvest. The subject blames the field rather than look at their own mistakes and "wishes to start something else." It's an example of running away from one's own mistakes.
The third line, yin, shows another similar example of yin recklessness. The metaphor is of a person who neglects the details on their farm and a cow goes missing. Again, the subject fails to look at their own recklessness. Instead, the subject accuses innocent townspeople of stealing the cow.
After making a big mistake like the subjects of the second and third lines, the fourth line, yang, says it's possible to straighten things out. However it takes "serious effort." Letting the crops go over a period of years will take time to fix. Accusing innocent people of crimes that were the subject's own fault is another delicate situation that will take serious effort to fix.
The fifth line, yang, shows how dilemmas due to the subject's own recklessness form a syndrome that may invite psychosomatic illness. If the subject can't get up out of bed, they certainly cannot be blamed for everything going wrong, right? The fifth line says, "The cure involves setting oneself back on the truth path and diligently performing the work at hand."
The sixth line, yang, shows how to avoid acting recklessly. The metaphor is of a person who reaches an impasse. Going forward without thinking things through is reckless. An impasse is the exact right time to think things through, rather than impulsively and recklessly move ahead.
Hexagram Twenty-six—Storing Energy
Hexagram Twenty-six shows a wise person accumulating reserves. During this period it is wise to gather and concentrate one's energies, since this is a period of preparation.
The first line, yang, shows that the situation is troubling, even dangerous. It is wise to step back, rather than go forward into the storm.
The second line, yang, shows a carriage broken down. The person within has caused no error, but the situation is dangerous.
The third line, yang, shows a warrior with strong, reliable horses. Realizing his position of danger, the warrior trains the horses daily and learns the skills needed to overcome the threat.
The fourth line, yin, shows a young bull with a wooden harness over his horns. This precaution to keep the bull from goring will bring good fortune.
The fifth line, yin, gives the analogy of a gelded boar. Because the boar was castrated it is not dangerous.
The sixth line, yang, shows its subject entering the gates of heaven. The subject has accumulated virtue to an extreme degree, and is ready to move forward on their project.
Hexagram Twenty-six Commentary
Hexagram Twenty-six gently reminds us life has its inevitable dark days, so when times are good, it's also time to prepare for hard times. The introduction offers the metaphor of "a wise person accumulating reserves."
The first line, yang, gives a further warning about hard times. It offers the metaphor of a bad storm. It's dangerous to walk outside, so the line advises, "It is wise to step back, rather than go forward into the storm."
The second line, yang, reminds us trouble will come on its own—it's not always something we cause, or even predict. The metaphor in this line is a person in a dangerous situation after their carriage breaks down, even though "the person within has caused no error."
The third line, yang, explains how to prepare for the difficult times through planning and steady work. The metaphor is a warrior who clearly sees the potential for danger in life, then learns the skills needed to cope with life's problems. The warrior also trains their horses on a daily basis.
The fourth line, yin, explains how to take precautions. The metaphor shows a bull working with a harness on its horns. This will prevent the bull from goring someone.
The fifth line, yin, explains how to prevent problems in the future. The metaphor is of a gelded boar, and says, "Because the boar was castrated it is not dangerous." Instead of stepping into a dangerous storm like the first line warns against, follow the example of preparation in the third line, precaution in the fourth line, and prevention of future problems in this line. Even though we live in the now, we can do things now to make the future easier on ourselves.
The sixth line, yang, shows its subject entering the gates of heaven because of accumulating virtue. This is the ultimate preparation—as it says in the introduction, "gather and concentrate one's energies, since this is a period of preparation." We all have a limited time on earth, so the whole thing is about gathering and concentrating our energy. The sixth line also uses the gates of heaven as a metaphor to begin any new project. Whether approaching the gates of heaven or beginning a new project, the subject can live in a way to prepare their soul for what's coming.
Hexagram Twenty-seven—Nourishment
Hexagram Twenty-seven signifies nourishment, or enhancing the self by taking in things that will produce energy and vitality. There is a caution against stealing other's energy and trying to use it for oneself.
The first line, yang, shows one who turns away from their own center of abundance and wisdom, symbolized by an auspicious tortoise. Doing this, the person can only stare at others with a jaw gaping in envy. This behavior will never result in happiness.
The second line, yin, shows one who looks upward and downward for nourishment, but looks away from the center. It is better to nourish oneself, than look to others.
The third line, yin, shows one refusing to look after their own nourishment. Whatever else this person attempts will be unsuccessful, even if done with sincerity. They may as well do nothing for ten years, because no good will come from this lack of nourishment.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who watches the ground with the unwavering stare of a tiger. This person will find the proper nourishment and will accomplish their goals.
The fifth line, yin, shows one lacking proper nourishment, who can barely manage their affairs. It is a weak position to begin new projects.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who provides nourishment to others. Despite the danger, going forward with a new endeavor will bring the desired results.
Hexagram Twenty-seven Commentary
This hexagram speaks of nourishment and where to find it. Nourishment may refer to food or any number of basic needs, like the ability say no to people when necessary. Or it may refer to exercising, avoiding addictions, getting out, making friends, developing hobbies and interests, getting enough sleep, or any number of things we do to take care of ourselves. The introduction calls nourishment "taking in things that will produce energy and vitality." The pitfalls are either stealing other people's energy or refusing to take care of one's own needs.
The first line, yang, shows a person with a tortoise that symbolizes their center of abundance and wisdom. However, this person has turned away from their own center and stares enviously at others. The line warns, this person will never be happy as long as this goes on.
The second line, yin, shows a person who looks up and down, but will not look at the center. This is another mistake. The line warns, "It is better to nourish oneself, than look to others." Even if this person does not envy what others have, they would be wrong to expect others to automatically know what they need and provide it.
The third line, yin, shows a person who refuses to look after their own needs. The line admonishes a person like this and says people who refuse to take care of themselves, may as well do nothing for ten years, because "no good will come from this lack of nourishment."
The fourth line, yin, shows a person who defends their right to nourishment. The metaphor is of "one who watches the ground with the unwavering stare of a tiger." This is the level of seriousness it takes.
The fifth line, yin, shows a person in a weak position. Lacking proper nutrition, this person can only temporarily manage their affairs. When hard times come, this person may be caught off guard.
If someone lacks nourishment, then it's good to help out. The sixth line, yang, shows a person who provides nourishment to others. Even though such generous people risk getting used, the line says it's a positive attitude, especially for entering new situations, or starting new endeavors. If a generous person can inspire others to take better care of themselves, it's a great gift.
Hexagram Twenty-eight—Imperfection
Hexagram Twenty-eight shows imperfection in great places. Despite the weaknesses there will be success, so it is better to keep going. Imperfection exists in every situation.
The first line, yin, shows the offerings of sacrifice placed on clean grass mats on the ground. The offering shows purity and the ceremony is proper.
The second line, yang, shows an old man with a young wife, or an old willow tree producing new shoots. Despite the age and condition of the subject, there are auspicious signs of growth and renewal.
The third line, yang, shows the supporting beam of a structure that is weak. When the key person or element of a situation is weak, there will be misfortune.
The fourth line, yang, shows the supporting beam bowing slightly upward, as Chinese temple roofs bow upward. This is auspicious, and good fortune will come from the mood of the pure offering of the first line.
The fifth line, yang, shows a dying willow that produces a few shoots, or an old woman with a young husband. There is some advantage, but it does not last. Once a tree is dying, a few new shoots will not save it.
The sixth line, yin, shows its subject struggling too hard, as one may wade bravely into a stream until they drown. Although no one would cast blame for a great person trying too hard, no good will come of it.
Hexagram Twenty-eight Commentary
Every system and every hero, mentor, teacher, and guru ultimately has clay feet. In some instances the imperfections are glaring, while in other situations, this hexagram confirms it is better to ignore it and keep going.
The first line, yin, shows a ceremony with offerings "placed on clean grass mats on the ground." This is a symbol of purity and the rest of the lines address situations that are either worthy or unworthy of pure offerings.
The second line, yang, offers an example of imperfection that can be overlooked. The metaphor is of "an old man with a young wife," also compared to "an old willow tree producing new shoots." Because there is growth and renewal, the situation is acceptable.
The third line, yang, is an example of weakness and imperfection that goes too far, leading to possible failure. The metaphor is of "the supporting beam of a structure that is weak."
The fourth line, yang, shows the right way to create strength. In Chinese temples, the supporting beam bows slightly upward. In this case, the imperfection is deliberate and adds strength to the structure. This is befitting to the pure offering of the first line.
The firth line, yang, is another example of imperfection that goes too far to overlook. The metaphor is of "an old woman with a young husband," which is compared to "a dying willow that produces few shoots." It says there is some advantage, but overall this situation will not work out. It says, "Once a tree is dying, a few new shoots will not save it." Note, it's unclear why an older man with a younger wife, seen in line two, is acceptable, but an older woman with a younger man is unacceptable. It may refer to the possibility of offspring, or "new shoots." The couple in line two could have children, because the woman is younger. There is no possibility of offspring in a union where the woman is too old.
The sixth line, yin, shows when enough imperfection is enough. It says the subject of this line is "struggling too hard, as one may wade bravely into a stream until they drown." Although there is no blame for trying too hard, ultimately there is no way to struggle against a situation that crosses the line of too much imperfection.
Hexagram Twenty-nine—Life's Trials
Hexagram Twenty-nine describes life's tests. Using one's deepest faith and intelligence, work through these trials because each one can become a valuable lesson.
The first line, yin, shows a person facing constant trials, but who hides out in a well. This is unfortunate because the way will only become more difficult.
The second line, yang, shows a person in the midst of tribulation. Going forward will bring small but sure progress. Although there is no relief in sight, going forward will strengthen one's faith.
The third line, yin, shows one who faces conflict after conflict. Despairing, this person takes a temporary respite to avoid working him/herself into a deeper rut.
In the fourth line, yin, the battle is joined with bread and wine, served in a plain cup, symbolizing the meeting of the strong and the flexible. The subject now walks on the right path.
The fifth line, yang, shows the rut filled with water, but not overflowing. The subject of the line does not retreat into the well, but sets a steady course to bring about needed order. This is correct.
The sixth line, yin, shows a hopeless person bound by strands of twine. This person could break free, but has no will to do so. Unfortunately, they don't understanding the troubles are merely the regular lessons of life.
Hexagram Twenty-nine Commentary
Every religion has a variation on the concept that life presents trials or tests that potentially contain valuable lessons. Hexagram Twenty-nine discusses this concept from the Daoist point of view. The introduction recommends people "work through these trials" to receive the lesson.
The first line, yin, confirms the popular notion that hiding from the test will only make the next test opportunity more difficult. In this line, it shows a person who "hides out in a well." The reason tests keep coming, and may become more severe, is usually because we keep making the same mistakes. The same mistakes lead to similar consequences until we learn.
The second line, yang, shows a person suffering consequences. Instead of hiding in a well, the line says going forward "will bring small but sure progress" and "will strengthen one's faith."
The third line, yin, shows its subject who "faces conflict after conflict." Nevertheless, this person decides to take a break "to avoid working him/herself into a deeper rut."
The fourth line, yin, further elaborates on the correct way to seek respite from the repeated trials. Instead of hiding in a well like the subject of the first line, the subject of the third line needs to rest to avoid getting into a rut. This line recommends joining the battle with "bread and wine." In the Current Era, bread and wine also take on religious associations of holy communion.
The fifth line, yang, compares water that gathers in a rut to hiding in a well. It says the rut is "filled with water, but not overflowing." The subject of line three does not retreat to the well, but just takes a break to avoid the rut, then "sets a steady course to bring about needed order."
The sixth line, yin, shows a person who feels persecuted, as though "bound by strands of twine," not realizing the real nature of life, and the lessons we must all learn to get along here. This person fails to break the bonds of negativity, because they give into the emotion of self-pity.
Hexagram Thirty—Radiance
Hexagram Thirty signifies fiery intelligence. When one possesses extreme brilliance it is better to be docile like a cow, rather than try to dazzle others.
Line one, yang, shows one struck with inspiration, who goes forward with confused, unsteady steps. Guided by intuition, this person is blameless and makes no mistakes.
Line two, yin, shows an auspiciously colored yellow room. The color yellow suggests that balance will come.
Line three, yang, shows the fiery brilliance declining, like the setting sun. Instead of celebrating the natural cycles of dark and light, the subject laments like a feeble old person. This is unfortunate.
Line four, yang, shows a self-centered person bursting upon the scene, full of their own ideas and brilliance. Such an abrupt show of self-indulgence will be rejected by everyone.
Line five, yin, in a weakened position, shows tears of humiliation. Then subject of this line is strengthened by tears of repentance.
Line six, yang, shows a king on a campaign to restore order to the countryside. He arrests the leaders of the rebels, but not the followers who are innocent. The king, through his brilliance, protects his faithful subjects. He does not punish people needlessly.
Hexagram Thirty Commentary
This hexagram explains the best attitude for a person of "fiery intelligence," or "extreme brilliance." Possessing extreme intelligence is a gift, but the correct attitude is "to be docile like a cow," rather than egotistical, loud, or rebellious. People with fiery intelligence can be charismatic, but to use their power for good, there are a few things they need to learn.
Line one, yang, shows the second best way to channel brilliant inspiration. The best way is to think things through and consult with advisors, but the subject of this line "goes forward with confused unsteady steps." However, because the subject is "guided by intuition," things work out okay.
The metaphor in line two, yin, is a yellow room. The auspicious color suggests balance will come. If a person really is brilliant, then like the bright room, the knowledge of self-control will evolve naturally.
Fiery intelligence may also fade, just as the sun sets in natural cycles of dark and light. Extreme brilliance ebbs and flows like everything else, so it's better to accept this than to complain, as this line, yin, says, "like a feeble old person."
Line four, yang, shows a self-centered brilliant person who bursts in and tries to dominate a situation. This only serves to annoy everyone. There's nothing more irritating than a brilliant, but insecure person, who turns arrogant and domineering.
After making a fool of oneself, like the person in line four, line five, yin, explains the proper attitude. First the person may cry tears of humiliation or self-pity, but soon the person transitions to tears of repentance. This is a positive shift in attitude.
The metaphor in line six, yang, is a king who goes on a campaign to restore order. He arrests the arrogant, self-centered leaders of the rebellion, but lets all the followers go free because they are innocent. The monarch, "through his brilliance," protects the innocent and reprimands the arrogant rebel leaders.
Hexagram Thirty-one—Feelings
Hexagram Thirty-one represents the sense of touch and mobility. Feeling something is not the same as action. In this situation, progress will come by knowing when to feel and when to act.
The first line, yin, shows both feeling in the big toe and moving the toe. Feeling within, combined with movement, indicates proper use of will.
The second line, yin, shows twitching in the calf. This could be a bad omen for venturing out. To be safe, it would be better to stay quietly inside and attend to business later.
The third line, yang, shows its subject moving their thighs, as if becoming a follower of those who are unlucky. It would be better to stay home, for becoming a follower of unworthy people will bring regret.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who has learned the proper time to stay home or go forward. Others will follow the subject's example.
The fifth line, yang, shows the heart and mind filled with satisfaction, so much so that it ripples the skin on one's back. Such a person feels centered and their actions are correct. Strength lies in feeling secure.
The sixth line, yin, shows feeling and movement in the jaws and tongue. The person speaks confidentially, but being a weak line, there is little substance.
Hexagram Thirty-one Commentary
This hexagram distinguishes between feeling, or thinking, and taking action. The introduction points out, "Feeling something is not the same as action," and says, "progress will come by knowing when to feel and when to act." The lines of the hexagram explain the advantages of developing this type of inner balance.
The first line, yin, offers the metaphor of sensing in the big toe to explain how the will works. First, we can see the toe. Next, we can feel, or think, inside the toe. In addition, we can will the toe to move.
A different type of movement is involuntary, done without first feeling or thinking. The second line, yin, offers the metaphor of twitching in the calf. This is an instance of when it's better to feel but not act involuntarily. The line says, "To be safe, it would be better to stay quietly inside and attend to business later." Involuntary twitching is a metaphor for the risk of impulsive behavior.
The metaphor in the third line, yang, is moving the thighs. However, in this instance, the subject moves their thighs only to follow unlucky people. This shows another instance of movement where "It would be better to stay home," and for the subject to think for themself. Abandoning the their own will to others will lead to regret.
The fourth line, yang, explains it is better to know oneself and decide for oneself when to stay home or go forward. A person with this inner knowing sets a good example.
The fifth line, yang, shows the level of satisfaction inner knowing brings. The line describes it as "so strong it ripples the skin on one's back." That's another kind of movement, which grows from deep inside the heart, and brings feelings of security and strength.
The sixth line, yin, offers the metaphor of movement and feeling in the jaws and tongue. However, this movement indicates over-confidence, or lack of humbleness, and warns that although a person may speak confidently, "there is little substance." Learning when to speak or not speak is the most challenging of all decisions when it comes to knowing when to act, or to simply feel and hold back.
Hexagram Thirty-two—Perseverance
Hexagram Thirty-two signifies enduring the struggle. The situation appears incorrect, but there is no mistake. Advantage will come in being steadfast and sincere.
The first line, yin, shows one who wants to secure a commitment before it is possible. Feeling needlessly insecure will only make things worse.
The second line, yang, shows that remaining balanced, the insecurity passes and the situation becomes more sure.
The third line, yang, shows one who breaks their faith instead of remaining true. When the situation passes, they will have added cause for regret and critics will have cause to cast blame.
The fourth line, yang, shows one searching in a vacant field for game. A futile struggle will never bring the desired result.
The fifth line, yin, shows a careful woman married to an adventurous man. The situation is harmonious, but the woman should not impose her method of virtue on the man.
The sixth line, yin, shows that once the crisis has passed, the leadership tries to keep up the mood of excitement. This will not increase production, but rather will bring misfortune.
Hexagram Thirty-two Commentary
Life may sometimes bring periods of prolonged difficult situations. It may seem like the situation is unfair, and should not have happened in the first place. However, the introduction says, "There is no mistake." the situation is happening for whatever reason, so the main thing is to show up and deal with it.
In a random struggle or crisis, there is no guarantee of the outcome. The first line, yin, says we can't get a commitment or make a deal with the universe. Even still, the best attitude subject can take is to turn toward the challenge and do the best they can. The message is: don't give in to feelings of insecurity.
The second line, yang, says the best attitude is to remain balanced. As it plays out, the situation will become more sure and insecurity will pass.
The third line, yang, shows one who cannot withstand the challenge, who loses faith. This will be a cause for regret after the crisis passes.
The fourth line, yang, offers the metaphor of "one searching in a vacant field for game." Instead of going off track, looking for diversions, the advice is to stay focused on the situation.
The fifth line, yin, offers the metaphor of "a careful woman married to an adventurous man." Each has their own way of coping with stress. The adventurous man may enjoy a good challenge, while the careful woman may get nervous. It's best if she does not attempt to criticize or control her adventurous husband. Everyone has their own style of coping.
The sixth line, yin, offers the metaphor of leaders who try to keep the mood of crisis going after the situation is passed. They do this because they think people will be more productive, but it is wrong to purposely keep people nervous and on edge. Perpetual crisis leads to exhaustion. It's bad enough when there's an unwanted struggle, but simply cruel to impose this mood when not necessary.
Hexagram Thirty-three—Yielding
Hexagram Thirty-three shows that knowing when to act and when not to act is the key to success. Sincerity is secondary to timing in this situation.
The first line, yin, shows possible danger at the end of a long project. Take no further action now, for getting out of the way is the best way to avoid trouble.
In the second line, yin, success comes through maintaining a strong will. One's strength must be like a leather thong made from the hide of a yellow ox.
The third line, yang, shows one who is bound to distress, granting him/herself no mercy. This person would not treat anyone else so severely. Being more lenient toward oneself will bring good fortune.
The fourth line, yang, shows a powerful person who reluctantly quits working for the day. This is correct and will bring good fortune. A lesser person would not grant him/herself the luxury.
The fifth line, yang, shows a great person who happily ends the day's work. This decision is made with sincerity when the timing is right.
The sixth line, yang, shows a noble person ending the day's work in a gracious, upright manner. Their self-assurance will bring satisfaction and time to relax.
Hexagram Thirty-three Commentary
This hexagram returns to the them of inner balance, knowing when to act and when to stop. Timing is everything, and developing an inner sense of timing is better than trying to second guess when to act and when to quit.
The first line, yin, offers the metaphor of danger at the end of a long project. There is often much more to do, but we may pressure ourselves to wrap it up. This line warns against trying to hurry the ending through over-work. If there's more to do, the line recommends, "Take no further action now, for getting out of the way is the best way to avoid trouble." Instead of stressing, step away, and come back to manage the last details with a fresh mind.
The second line, yin, says the subject must maintain a strong will, even if they take a break from a situation. The line says the will must have the strength of leather "made from the hide of a yellow ox."
The third line, yang, criticizes overwork. It says it is wrong for someone to work out of distress, "granting him/herself no mercy." This person would never treat others with such cruelty, so the line recommends "being more lenient toward oneself."
The fourth line, yang, elaborates on the theme of overworking. The line says it is correct to call it a day at the correct time and relax. Even if quitting for the day reluctantly, "A lesser person would not grant him/herself the luxury."
The fifth line, yang, elaborates further on this point. While the person in the fourth line ends the work day "reluctantly," the subject of the fifth line "happily ends the day's work." This is correct because the person works sincerely with a strong will, and the timing is right.
The sixth line, yang, elaborates further, showing the absolute best attitude to end the day's work. The subject of this line ends the work day "in a gracious, upright manner." Flowing with the Dao, there is a time for work and a time to relax. Wisdom is allowing oneself to experience both equally.
Hexagram Thirty-four—Maturity
Hexagram Thirty-four shows justice and right action prevailing over might. In this case, strength will only succeed if it is on the side of good.
The first line, yang, shows one's strength concentrated in the feet, for motion, rather than in the head and heart, for intelligence. The person is unbalanced and going forward will lead to misfortune.
The second line, yang, shows that after realigning one's strength, going forward will bring about the desired result.
The third line, yang, shows a ram butting its horns into a fence and getting stuck. Gaining power and wealth, immature human beings will ruin themselves with their own might. Witnessing such a demonstration, cultured people simply leave the scene to avoid becoming entangled.
The subject of the fourth line, yang, opens the gate, thus the ram passes through without becoming entangled. Using intelligence, wise people succeed without making an angry demonstration.
The fifth line, yin, shows that the intelligent sometimes become unduly angry, but they rise above it soon enough. There is no blame for a slight deviation.
The sixth line, yin, shows the ram butting into the fence and getting stuck. If the ram would only learn from this experience, then it would stop getting itself stuck. Might will not conquer where intelligence is required.
Hexagram Thirty-four Commentary
This hexagram takes a stand for the strength of justice. Although it is easy enough to become cynical and say justice is lost to the world and only might has power. It may be so at times, but this hexagram addresses those situations where justice prevails. The introduction says, "In this case, strength will only succeed if it is on the side of good."
The first line, yang, explains the imbalance of the subject letting feet make the decisions. Although it is the feet that walk, strength of purpose must come from the head and heart.
The second line, yang, comments on the predicament of the first line. Once the subject realigns to put the head and heart in control, going forward works better.
The third line, yang, offers the metaphor of a ram that gets its horns stuck in a fence. The interpretation offered in this line is of immature people who ruin themselves because they let wealth and power control their minds. Further, the line says better people will simply leave the scene to avoid getting pulled into it.
The fourth line, yang, shows its subject simply open the gate so the ram can pass through. The meaning is emotionally mature people express themselves clearly. They are not interested in destroying themselves through unnecessary anger and drama.
The fifth line, yin, is an example of an intelligent person who becomes angry, who may try to push through a situation with might, instead of intelligence. Although this may occasionally happen, intelligent people will get hold of themselves soon enough, and go back to using their intelligence to solve problems. Because this happens occasionally, the line says, "There is no blame for a slight deviation." Nowadays we might say: everybody hits the wall sometimes.
The sixth line, yin, shows the ram who uses its brute force to butt into the fence again and get stuck again. Any situation where intelligence is required, such as times we need to learn from mistakes, is absolute proof might does not make right. The line concludes, "Might will not conquer where intelligence is required."
Hexagram Thirty-five—Promotion
Hexagram Thirty-five shows a feudal prince who has done a good job in governing the people, thus receiving horses and audience with the king.
The first line, yin, shows one who desires a promotion, but is frustrated because it does not come. Steadfast and undisturbed, this person will soon meet with good fortune.
The second line, yin, shows the blessings of one's grandmother. Peace of mind will soon come to one who is advancing in the material sphere, but who believes there is more to life than money and power.
The third line, yin, shows one who wins the approval of peers and associates. Acceptance relieves all regrets.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who tries to make advancement like a burrowing rodent—greedy, untrustworthy, and mistrustful of others. Even great effort will not overcome the danger in this attitude.
The fifth line, yin, shows that promotion will come to one who is not attached to success or failure.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who takes it upon themself to control and punish others, just as a bull pushes others around with his horns. This is a dangerous position to take, and although some good may come of it, there will also be self-inflicted emotional pain.
Hexagram Thirty-five Commentary
Validation for good work may come in many ways. The introduction shows a feudal prince who is rewarded with a promotion that includes "horses and an audience with the king.
The first line, yin, shows its subject waiting for a promotion, but feeling frustrated because it's taking so long. The advice is to keep working and the promotion, or something better, will come.
The second line, yin, shows one who advances in the material sphere, but at the same time maintains faith there is more to life than money and power. The line says this person works under the blessings of the grandmother. This symbolizes peace of mind that may be passed down through generations.
The third line, yin, shows that rather than material rewards, the real reward people seek is "approval of peers and associates." When they feel accepted and part of what matters, and this "acceptance relieves all regrets."
The fourth line, yang, shows the most negative attitude possible. The subject of this line "tries to make advancement like a burrowing rodent—greedy, untrustworthy, and mistrustful of others." This no way to get ahead in life and will not lead to social acceptance or rewards. It's simply a dangerous way to live.
The fifth line, yin, returns to the detachment of the person in the second line. Living a good life, working without attachment to success or failure, is the right attitude.
The sixth line, yang, exposes another negative attitude in regards to reward. It shows a person who feels a duty to control and punish others, "just as a bull pushes others around with his horns." The line notes that although some good may come from it, the person also feels "self-inflicted emotional pain."
Hexagram Thirty-six—Faithful Service
Trouble may come to dedicated people even though they are pure and faultless. The subject of this line must acknowledge the threat and act accordingly.
The first line, yang, shows an advanced person compared to an angel with drooping wings. Although there is some injury, the subject can perform austerities to reach a state of mental peace.
The second line, yin, shows someone whose leg is pierced. The person escapes danger on a strong and able horse.
The third line, yang, shows a king trying to relieve neighboring lands of a tyrant. It is a dangerous trip, but the evil one is captured. The battle is over, but progress in related matters may be slow.
The fourth line, yin, shows a king who travels into a neighboring land to conquer. Suddenly he realizes he is acting like the tyrant he tried to stop in the previous line. He resolves not to be like that and returns to his own kingdom.
The fifth line, yin, shows that the heir to the throne has become enlightened. Because the rest of his family was corrupt, the new vision feels almost like a curse. He has the chance to change history if he remains upright.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who has risen to the knowledge of the higher self, but failed to act on that level. Unfortunately, this person must sink back into the depths of earthly consciousness. The overall message is to take enlightenment when it is present—even if it requires tremendous courage.
Hexagram Thirty-six Commentary
This hexagram acknowledges the random nature of trouble. It says trouble may come, even to people who are "pure and faultless." We can prevent some trouble because we can change our attitude, learn from our mistakes, or get insights from people who have been through a situation before. However, there is also the type of trouble nobody could prevent. For these situations, the introduction recommends that we "acknowledge the threat and act accordingly."
The first line, yang, shows "an angel with drooping wings." It says this may symbolize good people who feel unfairly injured. A person in this situation knows how to make their way back to peace of mind.
The second line, yin, shows a person with an injury to the leg. Although this person cannot run, "they escape danger on a strong and able horse." The horse is a metaphor for spiritual reserves.
The third line, yang, shows a king who sets off to capture a tyrant and bring him to justice. Although the tyrant is captured and the battle is over, it cannot and does not end all evil in the world.
The fourth line, yin, shows the same king set off to conquer neighboring lands. However, he realizes his behavior is as bad as the tyrant he brought to justice in line three. He realizes what he was doing is wrong and returns to his own kingdom.
The fifth line, yin, shows an enlightened prince who has taken the throne after a long line of corrupt kings. He has a chance to change history, but change is difficult. The line explains, "Because the rest of his family was corrupt, the new vision feels almost like a curse."
The sixth line, yin, shows one who had an enlightening vision like the king in line four, or the prince in line five. However, the subject of line six fails to live up to his vision, and thus "must sink back into the depths of earthly consciousness."
Hexagram Thirty-seven—Family
Hexagram Thirty-seven signifies the roles of family members. The home will be peaceful if each member—parents, children, and extended family members—act according to their position. Through order and open communication, troubles can be resolved.
The first line, yang, shows one who restores order to their own home. This can also refer to reestablishing one's position in life.
The second line, yin, shows a woman who tends to her own business, not minding the business of others. This change will bring good fortune.
The third line, yang, shows the head of a household who is strict and unyielding. Although this brings short term results, there will also be sorrow and little love. Eventually, the wife and children will lose respect for him.
The fourth line, yin, shows a family member who increases the love within the family.
The fifth line, yang, shows a family member who brings worldly prestige and influence to the family. There is no reason to fear, for this will bring good fortune.
The sixth line, yang, shows a family member who is sincere and truthful. After self-examination, this person will make the needed changes to attain good fortune.
Hexagram Thirty-seven Commentary
This hexagram offers lessons on how to maintain peace in a family. The principles are similar to contemporary notions of family therapy. The introduction encourages open communication to resolve problems, and for family members to embrace their roles in the family. In other words, the parents must lead the family, extended family play supporting roles, and the children should be protected, not made to fill in for negligent parents.
The subject of the first line, yang, steps up to his or her duty after a period of neglect. Through reestablishing their own position in life, the subject manages to also restore order within the family.
The subject of the second line, yin, learns to attend to her own life, thus setting a good example for others. The line hints that for a time, she had neglected her duty to herself, and spent all her energy trying to fix everyone else's lives. Now that she is centered, it allows others to be their own selves.
The subject of the third line, yang, shows the most negative situation possible in family life. The head of the family is a tyrant who may get obedience, but it comes at the expense of genuine love and trust. The line predicts in a situation like this, the wife and children will lose respect for him, leading to sorrow and resentment.
The subject of the fourth line, yin, "increases the love with in the family." This line confirms the primary purpose of a family, and that is to provide a loving home where everyone feels accepted for who they are.
The subject of the fifth line, yang, brings honor and influence to the family. This is also welcome.
The sixth line, yang, shows how love can hold a family together. The subject of this line is a reasonable, honest, and thoughtful family member. Perhaps for a time he or she went through doubts, for example in adolescence, they may pull away from the family for a time. However, after self-examination, this person will make needed changes their attitude to reestablish their bonds with the family.
Hexagram Thirty-eight—Opposition
Although alienation and general unhappiness have gradually taken over, working on one thing at a time will eventually cure the whole system.
The first line, yang, shows one who loses horses but trusts that they will return on their own. Meanwhile, one can learn from the mistakes of evil men that it is best to be honest.
The second line, yang, shows one who sees their teacher in an unlikely place like an alley. Greeting the teacher in a friendly manner, the student feels peace.
The subject of the third line, yin, has gone against the ways of heaven. Their carriage is dragged backward and they are punished, but later they get on the right course and all is forgiven.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who tries to maintain harmony in a tumultuous situation. This person meets the person of the first line who lost horses. Both of these people possess faithful and steadfast attitudes to get them through the current situation.
The fifth line, yin, shows that in many situations the laws of society carry out the will of God. Because society can perform the needed corrections, people can go on peacefully with their lives.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who maintains harmony in a tumultuous situation. This person meets with the person of the third line, whose carriage was dragged backward. At first this person sees a carriage full of ghosts, and thus takes up his bow, but then realizes it is a dear relative. All doubts are cleared.
Hexagram Thirty-eight Commentary
This hexagram is for bad times, when "alienation and general unhappiness have gradually taken over." Nowadays we might describe this as society sliding toward hell. However, the introduction assures us, "working on one thing at a time will eventually cure the whole system." Thus, the hexagram offers hope and each line portrays a correct or incorrect, positive or negative, attitude to get through the trials.
The subject of the first line, yang, loses horses, but trusts they will return on their own. This is the attitude of a trusting, honest person. It's a lesson on how to trust.
The second line, yang, offers the rare but familiar moment of running into a teacher in an unlikely place. Usually the subject only sees the teacher at school, but seeing the teacher in an unlikely place, the student reacts with a friendly greeting. The student feels the chance meeting as a blessing and affirmation.
The third line, yin, shows how bad things can get. The subject of this line is in a carriage that got turned around and dragged backward. The line describes this as a punishment, or at least a punishing circumstance. In the end, the person "gets on the right course," and is forgiven.
The subject of the fourth line, yang, tries to remain calm and maintain harmony, despite the tumultuous situation. This person meets the subject of the first line who lost horses. The line confirms this positive attitude saying, "Both these people possess faith and steadfast attitudes to get them through the current situation."
The fifth line, yin, explains how the rule of law is just when it follows god's laws, such as prohibitions against theft and murder. Living under the law allows people to live peaceful lives.
The subject of the sixth line, yang, maintains harmony in difficult times. This person happens upon the carriage accident described in the third line. At first the subject of the sixth line sees ghosts inside the carriage, and is on the defensive. However, soon the subject recognizes a dear relative is inside the carriage. This shows how one person with a positive attitude can assist a person in trouble with a negative attitude. The line ends with the words, "All doubts are cleared." The message of this hexagram is to help each other through hard times, and to work together following the laws of the land.
Hexagram Thirty-nine—Getting Stopped
Inability to take the next step is delaying progress. The subject must seek help from a wise person, then apply their own sincerity to the situation.
The first line, yin, shows that moving forward will only cause more problems. In this situation it is better to rest.
The second line, yin, shows the people who take on troubles on account of others, with little gain for themselves. They may stop one's progress, but not for personal reasons.
The third line, yang, shows one who makes it thorough one difficult situation, only to fall into another. When no more progress can be made, return home.
The fourth line, yin, shows one moving forward to situations of greater difficulty. Unable to progress, this person meets with the like minded friend of the previous line. They provide each other comfort and balance.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who struggles with a difficult situation. Friends come to help, since they have been in similar situations.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who goes forward as if to purposely increase the difficulty, then standing still. This person shows their greatness in this way, and seeks favors from those who can help.
Hexagram Thirty-nine Commentary
Sometimes life flows along easily, while other times it stops. It's as if the qi, or energy, is blocked. Hexagram Thirty-nine reviews the possible scenarios and the best attitude for each. The introduction describes a situation where the subject get stopped, and it's causing a delay. The advice is to "seek help from a wise person," then work it out.
The second line, yin, shows a scenario when someone steps in with good intention, but their interference stops the flow of qi. The subject realizes nobody was trying to hurt him/her, and moves on.
The subject of the third line, yang, shows a person who gets through one situation, only to hit another block. The advice is to call it a day and head home. Get back to it after some rest, when progress is possible again.
The subject of the fourth line, yin, has a day as bad as the subject of the previous line. They run into each other after letting go. They are each qualified to provide "balance and comfort" to the other.
The fifth line, yang, elaborates on the idea of commiseration, and the ability to give and receive help from others who have been through similar situations. The subject of this line struggles, and it shows friends come by to offer help.
The subject of line six, yin, senses the blockage is a stubborn problems where it is best to back off. Nevertheless, the person goes forward. But then, overcome with intuition about what will work and what will not work, this person abruptly stops. The solution in this case is to call on people who know what to do.
Hexagram Forty—Resolution
If no further work is needed, it will be wise to return to the regular routine as soon as possible.
The first line, yin, shows one who is firm, yet flexible. This person will perform the correct action and will be successful.
The second line, yang, shows one on a hunt, capturing three foxes and retrieving three golden arrows. This is an auspicious sign for one who has worked long to achieve a desired goal.
The third line, yin, shows a servant riding in a carriage. By taking advantage of the situation, this person has made themself vulnerable and will be attacked by robbers. In this situation, no precaution can avoid trouble.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who is victorious and receives the graces of friends after they have removed their slippers of false prestige.
The fifth line, yin, shows one who is humble enough to return to small duties after a great struggle is won. Such a person will win the confidence of all people.
The sixth line, yin, shows resolution and harmony. The image is a feudal prince who shoots a falcon on a high wall with one of his arrows. Striking the target implies success.
Hexagram Forty Commentary
This hexagram discusses the idea of resolution, when it works and when it doesn't. The introduction says if the resolution is complete, don't dwell on it. Just get back to regular routines.
The subject of the first line, yin, is flexible. This person can go from resolution of a crisis, right back to normal routines.
The subject of the second line, yang, goes on a hunt, "capturing three foxes and retrieving three golden arrows." Resolution in this case calls for celebration, since this represents the fulfillment of the person's long term goals.
The subject of the third line, yin, shows a person who has acted dishonestly and is vulnerable to destruction. Because this person has chosen to take advantage of the situation, the ride will most likely descend into disaster. The line describes a likely outcome: "this person has made themself vulnerable and will be attacked by robbers."
The subject of the fourth line, yang, has worked hard at a project and resolved it. Their surprised friends are grateful, and receive the subject of the line "after they have removed their slippers," which represent false prestige.
The fifth line, yin, amplifies the original message of the introduction and first line. After resolution of a "great struggle," the subject of the fifth line "is humble enough to return to small duties."
The sixth line, yin, shows life is good when people can rise to meet difficulties, and then also return to normal life. The metaphor is "a feudal prince who shoots a falcon on a high wall with one of his arrows." Although killing a falcon seems objectionable to our ears, the original meaning was "Striking the target implies success."
Hexagram Forty-one—Reduction
The time is right to reduce what is in excess and bring it into accord with what is right and reasonable. If this is done with sincerity, the subject's actions will bring good fortune.
The first line, yang, shows a person hurrying to help another. This is good, but the subject must be careful not to offer more than they can give.
The second line, yang, shows a person who maintains their own position, rather than starting a new adventure. It is better to remain steady than to extend oneself too far.
The third line, yin, shows three people on a journey together. The third person leaves, then the second. Walking alone, the first person finds companionship.
The fourth line, yin, shows a reduction in the burden one carries or the ailment one has, and it is an auspicious sign. Others can help, but most of the work is up to you.
The fifth line, yin, shows prosperity. Stand fast and expect what is coming to you. There will be help from a higher power.
The sixth line, yang, shows someone giving to others without reducing what is in their own storehouse. If the subject looks for purpose and direction for their energies and many will join them.
Hexagram Forty-one Commentary
This hexagram discusses hoarding and codependence. The idea of reduction is the cure for both problems. Think of reduction as simplifying life. The introduction recommends getting rid of excess to avoid hoarding. It says, "The time is right to reduce what is in excess and bring it into accord with what is right and reasonable." It's always a good idea to clear clutter.
The subject of the first line, yang, acts to help arrange other people's lives, while ignoring his or her own problems. In today's world we might say, "be careful not to offer more than you can give." Giving too much clutters up a person's time, and is another form of hoarding.
The subject of the second line, yang, knows how to turn down offers to do things for others. If the answer is no, say no. The line reminds, "It is better to remain steady than to extend oneself too far."
The third line, yin, shows three people who go on a journey. One by one, they go different directions. When it gets down to just one person, that person meets with new companions to walk with them. The message is each person in this group can take care of themself.
The fourth line, yin, shows how through simplification, reduction, we can reduce the burden we carry. It can also reduce the aliments we get, but the work of reduction and simplification is something we all must do for ourselves. Nobody else can do it for us.
The fifth line, yin, shows that if we simplify and focus on our lives, prosperity is more likely to come because of help from a higher power. The line advises: "Stand fast and expect what is coming to you."
The sixth line, yang, shows the influence of the higher power. This subject of this line gives to others "without reducing with is in their own storehouse." To reach this state of abundance takes help. However, the line advises the subject to "look for purpose and direction for their energies," others will join you.
Hexagram Forty-two—Enlargement
When citizens are productive and work for the good of all, there will be prosperity and happiness. When the government is good, it uses people's tax money to enhance the standard of living for all. This creates a cycle of prosperity between the people and their government.
The first line, yang, shows there will be great success in profitable endeavors meant for the public good. Such projects employ people in honest work that will benefit everyone involved.
The second line, yin, shows outside parties willing to invest in these ventures. When wise people see the value in the work, which is confirmation of the project's merit.
The third line, yin, explains that sometimes honest, decent people invest for greedy motives. Although this is not the best condition, such deals have always existed in the course of human affairs.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who offers sound advice to the government, and because it is well-thought out and well-presented, their advice is followed. Such a person becomes a valuable citizen.
The fifth line, yin, shows one of pure heart and mind who uses their life for the benefit of all people. Such a person is blessed by everyone.
The sixth line, yang, shows the opposite, someone who cannot cooperate with anyone, who has no sense of justice or humanitarianism. Such a person is unfortunate.
Hexagram Forty-two Commentary
This hexagram describes enlargement, the opposite of the previous hexagram, reduction. The introduction discusses community and the advantages when people join their efforts together. It says, When the government is good, it uses people's tax money to enhance the standard of living for all." Good governance can create "a cycle of prosperity between the people and their government." We see examples of this in the world today, but the idea of leaders working for the good of the people is an eternally desirable situation.
The first line yang, explains the potential for good when people and their leaders work together on public projects. "Such projects employ people in honest work that will benefit everyone involved."
The second line, yin, shows private parties willing to invest in public projects. In today's terms it could be through US Savings Bonds or municipal bonds, but in ancient times there must have been something similar. The line adds, attracting investors confirms the project's value.
The third line, yin, says "sometimes honest, decent people invest for greedy motives." Although there's money to be made, the line suggests good people will invest just to show support. The line concludes, "such deals have always existed in the course of human affairs."
The fourth line, yin, shows another positive feedback loop with the government. The subject of the fourth line writes up a "well-thought out and well-presented" bit of advice, and the government uses it for good. The person who can offer good advice to the leaders is a valuable citizen.
The subject of the fifth line, yin, is another example of a valuable citizen. This is a person "of pure heart and mind" who lives their life to benefit all people. A person like this is blessed, and the work they do blesses others.
The sixth line, yang, shows the opposite attitude. The subject of this line cannot cooperate, has no sense of truth, or humanitarianism. This is unfortunate for the person with these attitudes and bad habits.
Hexagram Forty-three—Removing Impurities
The metaphor is a weak-minded or corrupt statesman on trial. In this case, the prosecutor's own good character wins over the judge.
The first line, yang, shows a prosecutor trying to advance their case simply by movement of the toes. This is not enough effort and there will be misfortune.
The second line, yang, shows the prosecutor fearful and sincerely appealing for justice. This person is vulnerable, and although people may come in the night to cause problems, there is no reason to fear.
The third line, yang, shows one who tries to make a case by threatening the court. This will lead to misfortune. Another person works hard to gather evidence. This person may encounter difficulty, including the ridicule of colleagues, but their determination will bring success.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who walks with great difficult after a flailing cuts the skin of their buttocks. It would be wise for this person to walk as a sheep among the herd for now, but pride will not allow them to listen to such advice.
The fifth line, yang, shows a prosecutor going after the criminal class as they would uproot a bed of weeds. This determination is appropriate and will lead to good fortune.
The sixth line, yin, shows a prosecutor who attempts a difficult project without any help. This is unfortunate and will not lead to success.
Hexagram Forty-three Commentary
This hexagram explains how to remove impurities within a system. The introduction gives the ultimate example of how it's done. If there is a corrupt politician on trial, and the prosecutor has a sterling reputation, then "the prosecutor's own good character wins over the judge." The lines of the hexagram show different ways to approach such impurities that will or won't work, and why.
The first line, yang shows a prosecutor who can't make a good case. The metaphor is the prosecutor is trying to argue the case "simply by movement of the toes." It's not convincing.
The second line, yang, is a case where the prosecutor is genuinely fearful of impure elements, and gets the message across. This could be dangerous if those accused "come in the night to cause problems," but the advice is to be courageous because "there is no reason to fear."
The third line, yang, first offers an example of the wrong way to make a case: the prosecutor tries to threaten the court. Next, the correct way: the prosecutor works hard to gather evidence. This shows the bully offense against the court will fail, but the diligent person who works hard to make a case will succeed.
The fourth line, yang, shows an arrogant prosecutor who got his bottom kicked, who comes back for more. The line describes it as "one who walks with great difficulty after a flailing cuts the skin of their buttocks." The advice is to "walk as a sheep among the herd for now," in other words, be humble, don't act like you're better than everyone else. However, due to arrogance, a person may ignore good advice.
In the fifth line, yang, the prosecutor goes after criminals like pulling weeds from a garden. This is appropriate.
In the sixth line, yin, the prosecutor tries too hard to manage a difficult case with no help. This will lead to defeat. The message is to bring in needed support when working on a big project.
Hexagram Forty-four—Gradual Invasion
A devious person wins government office, then tries to take over by appointing like minded people as ministers. The situation is compared to a motivated woman marrying a man for his money.
The first line, yin, shows that such a person should be kept in check like a carriage with the brake set firmly. Movement in any direction will bring misfortune. The analogy is given of a young pig that is sure to cause trouble if let loose.
The second line, yang, shows a person with fish in their sack. They could lose their good fortune if they allow the unruly person of the first line to meet with their guests.
The third line, yang, shows one who walks with great difficulty after a flailing cuts the skin of their buttocks. It is good to stand up for oneself, since the humiliation and pain will eventually go away.
The fourth line, yang, shows a person carrying their bag, but the fish have been lost. Since an unqualified person has managed to make away with the fish there will be misfortune.
The fifth line, yang, shows a small, spreading tree that conceals a jewel. There is a deep faith that one can regain their wealth and overcome the petty invader. This faith will bring good fortune.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who is desperate to regain their lost wealth. This person puts on horns and fights the aggressor. Although their position is dangerous and will cause some regret, the action is necessary given the circumstances.
Hexagram Forty-four Commentary
This hexagram discuses deception, or gradual invasion. It's gradual because first a devious person enters government, then they gradually appoint corrupt people to spread bad influence. The introduction compares this to "a motivated woman marrying a man for his money."
The first line, yin, offers two metaphors. The first one says such a person should be "kept in check like a carriage with the brake set firmly." The other comparison is to a pig "that is sure to cause trouble if let loose."
The second line, yang, explains why it's dangerous to have devious people around. The subject of the line has "fish in their sack." The subject's good fortune can become clouded if they the unruly person to insult their guests.
The third line, yang, shows another flailing that leaves a person with a "flailing" that "cuts the skin of their buttocks." This time it is the unruly person who has gotten the better of an honest person. The line recommends standing up, even though it's difficult, because "the humiliation and pail will eventually go away."
The fourth line, yang, shows the unruly person who has managed to get the fish from another person's bag. This is unfortunate.
The fifth line, yang shows the best way to overcome the petty invader. The line describes "a small, spreading tree that conceals a jewel." The jewel symbolizes the subject's faith of reclaiming their wealth.
The sixth line shows another way to get back what was stolen, and that is brute force. The metaphor to put on horns and fight the aggressor. Although dangerous, sometimes this is necessary.
Hexagram Forty-five—Assembly
Hexagram Forty-five signifies a community coming together in ceremony. The leader performs a ritual for peace and prosperity. In this time of harmony it is good to take action and seek favors.
The first line, yin, shows one who is confused and defeated. Calling out for help and going forward will bring the desired results.
The second line, yin, shows one who goes forward with the help of a qualified person. Out of sincerity, even a small offering in the sacrifice will be accepted.
The third line, yin, shows a person who is tired and confused, with no hope in sight. Going forward alone will have advantages and disadvantages.
The fourth line, yang, shows small discrepancies in the ceremony, but it is successful because the leader is sincere.
The fifth line, yang, shows the community gathering for the ceremony. The leader must find sincerity of heart in order to win the confidence of all participants. This will bring good fortune.
The sixth line, yin, shows a humble person full of regret. Despite this repentant state of mind, there is no error.
Hexagram Forty-five Commentary
This hexagram shows us one of life's sweet moments, and the example is of a community "coming together in ceremony." However, like a beautiful rosebush, even when it blooms, it still has thorns. In this time of harmony, people who are in need may reveal their sorrows and come forward for assistance.
The subject of the first line, yin, is "confused and defeated." This is a time when this person will call out for help.
The subject of the second line, yin, feels sincerely grateful for the community's support. Even if the subject can only manage a small offering , it is welcome in the ceremony.
The subject of the third line, yin, is "tired and confused," and has not connected with anyone. This subject may go forward alone, which is good. However it will be difficult because the person may still feel there is no hope in sight.
The fourth line, yang shows the ceremonial leaders are benevolent and the people love and admire them. In this atmosphere there is no harm if the rituals have small discrepancies. The overall feeling is of goodwill.
The fifth line, yang, shows the ceremony itself. The leader connects with their own sincerity in carrying out the rites.
The subject of the sixth line, yin, is "full of regret." Honest people have a conscience and feel bad if they inconvenience others. However, everything is really okay. Regret may also refer to the type of sadness that is cleansing. Marking traditions may make people nostalgic for good times, or people, or things we once had.
Hexagram Forty-six—Social Stature
Rising through the social strata brings changes to a person's life. It may also change who the person is.
The first line, yin, shows one who is welcome in higher circles.
The second line, yang, shows a sincere person who makes offerings that are accepted in sacrifice. This is the correct course of action.
The third line, yang, shows one rising into an empty city. This means there will be no opposition.
The fourth line, yin, shows a king who asks the subject to present offerings on the high mountain. The subject carries this out successfully.
The fifth line, yin, shows its subject walking up the royal stairs. This signifies successful completion of a project.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who walks up the stairs, but unable to see the path. Sudden, dizzying fortune can blind one to possible consequences. The situation can be saved if the person maintains constant vigilance.
Hexagram Forty-six Commentary
This hexagram shows the mood of success and rising social status. Each line offers a vision of what success is like. Once climbing the social ladder, the introduction points out, one of the first things to expect is, "The position allows this person to associate with others of similar, high status."
The subject of the first line, yin, is welcomed into higher social circles.
The subject of the second line, yang, learns the customs and makes appropriate offerings. In today's world it might involve reciprocating gestures such as picking up the bill when it's the subject's turn, or accepting invitations and arriving with an appropriate gift.
The subject of the third line, yang, rises into an "empty city." This is an idiom for no opposition, and refers to taking a city in warfare with no local inhabitants to fight. In modern terms we might say, "the world is their oyster."
The fourth line, yin, shows a leader who makes a prestigious offering. The subject of this line reciprocates with appropriate offerings.
The subject of the fifth line, yin, walks up the royal stairs. This symbolizes successful completion of a cycle.
The sixth line, yin, explains the potential danger of rising social status. It says the subject walks up the stairs but is unable to see the path. It implies that rising social status may make some people dizzy, to where they feel invincible, and immune to consequences for bad behavior.
Hexagram Forty-seven—Confinement
Hexagram Forty-seven shows a stifling situation, like a tree that grows in an enclosed area with little room to spread its branches. A strong person will make it through this impasse, but not with mere words. Because of the situation, words would be ignored.
The first line, yin, shows one who has entered a valley of uncertainty. This person sits on a tree stump contemplating the years that may have to pass before relief will come.
The second line, yang, shows one exhausted, who has partaken of food and drink. When the royal representative comes, it will be well to offer that person all respect. Although an undertaking is unsuccessful, it is no one person's fault.
The third line, yin, shows a prince who rests on a rocky hillside covered with thorns. Returning to his palace, he finds his wife has left. This lack of support is unfortunate.
The fourth line, yang, shows a person in a golden carriage, sent to relieve the person in the first line, but late in arriving. Although there is some delay, in the end there will be a fruitful partnership.
The fifth line, yang, shows a regal person frustrated in their attempts. It is as if their nose and feet have been cut off. Despite setbacks, the situation is still comfortable. This person is advised to be sincere, appealing to a higher power for support.
The sixth line, yin, shows one entangled as if bound by creepers. This negativity will hold the subject back.
Hexagram Forty-seven Commentary
This hexagram discusses the various attitudes people take in oppressive situations. The experience is nearly unbearable, not just something in the mind. The introduction compares it to "a tree that grows in an enclosed area with little room to spread its branches."
The subject of the first line, yin, is in such a situation, this time described as a valley of uncertainty. The subject sits on a tree stump overwhelmed with how many years it may take to get relief.
The subject of the second line, yang, is exhausted, but has enough food and drink. Even though feeling down, there's no reason to act out and blame the system. The situation is what it is, and it is no one person's fault.
The third line, yin, shows a prince at an impasse, described as "a rocky hillside covered with thorns." When he goes back to his palace, he learns his wife has left him. Abandonment and lack of support are further consequences under oppression, because people who feel hopeless may turn on each other.
The subject of the fourth line, yang, is riding in a carriage to reach the person of the first line. It's a long trip and involves delays. However, once the connection is made, things will get better. It may seem like nothing is happening, but help is on the way.
The fifth line, yang, shows a regal person who is trying to solve a stifling situation. The person feels as if "their nose and feet have been cut off." Still, they persist, appealing to a higher power for support. The line says, "Despite setbacks, the situation is still comfortable." Things could be worse for the subject of this line.
The subject of the sixth line, yin, takes the most negative possible attitude. The subject is "entangled as if bound by creepers." The line warns how negative attitudes may become self-fulfilling prophecies, while taking a positive attitude would help.
Hexagram Forty-eight—Uniting Force
Hexagram Forty-eight shows that in the center of a village is an inexhaustible well. Townspeople may draw from it, yet the water level remains steady. In the same way, good government benefits the citizens. But when the bucket breaks or the rope is too short, government does not fulfill its promise. The analogy can also describe a community, household, business, or association.
The first line, yin, shows a muddy or contaminated well that is no use to anyone. A comparison can be made to corrupt or greedy officials.
The second line, yang, shows water leaking from a well or from the bucket, thus the water cannot be brought to the top to be used. This is like a government that will not govern properly.
The third line, yang, shows a well that the people have cleaned out, but is not used. There is great sorrow in this. The leaders must make the wise decision to go back to the well. The people can be a source of wealth and stability the ruler has not recognized.
The fourth line, yin, shows a well that is made correctly and lined with ceramic tiles. This is fortunate, although it would be better if the owner offered the water to the wider community.
The fifth line, yang, shows a clear, cool well with good water. The government and the people are in harmony.
The sixth line, yin, shows water drawn from a well, which is not covered, symbolizing truthfulness. There is an inexhaustible supply, symbolizing sincerity.
Hexagram Forty-eight Commentary
This hexagram goes back to the concept of community and may apply to governments, households, businesses, associations, or any group. The overall analogy is of a well. In the ideal state, everyone can draw what they need from the well, and the water table remains steady. The bucket and rope signify the workings of government.
The first line, yin, shows a contaminated well. This symbolizes corrupt, greedy leaders.
The second line, yang, shows water leaking from the bucket, so people cannot get water. This symbolizes an inept government.
The third line, yang, shows a jaded society where people turn their backs on the well. The solution will come when a leader will go back to the well and get everyone to cooperate for the common good. Specifically it says, "The people can be a source of wealth and stability the ruler has not recognized."
The fourth line, yin, shows a private well the owner made correctly and lined with tile. It's a great well, but the owner refuses to share with others. This is like a government that only operates for a few at the top.
The fifth line, yang shows the ideal. The leaders and the people work together. They have "a clear, cool well with good water" that belongs to everyone.
The sixth line, yin, elaborates on the idea. The metaphor is of water drawn from the well of truthfulness. This well is open to all, not closed.
Hexagram Forty-nine—Times of Change
Hexagram Forty-nine, means great change through necessity. When changes are brought about by those above, as in government, statesmen should first make a case for change, then the people will adapt more easily.
The first line, yang, shows a person bound with the hide of a yellow ox and unable to take action. The ties are meant to slow down changes that may be happening prematurely.
The second line, yin, shows one who makes changes when the proper time has come.
The third line, yang, shows one who tends to act recklessly, causing misfortune. If this person takes the time to contemplate and discuss changes with others, then things will work out better.
The fourth line, yang, shows one who takes the time to confirm their plans with advisors, and thus learns to slow down and make careful considerations. This mood of careful planning will help people accept changes.
The fifth line, yang, shows that powerful people make changes just as the tiger changes its stripes. They are methodical and gain the faith and well wishes of everyone involved.
The sixth line, yin, shows that advanced people make changes just as the leopard changes its spots. They act with solid reasoning, not just to please superiors. This is auspicious.
Hexagram Forty-nine Commentary
This hexagram discusses change from above. If there's a good reason for change, sharing it with the people will help ease them through it. That's why we need leaders who will explain their reasoning before they make major changes.
The subject of the first line, yang, is "bound with the hide of a yellow ox," symbolizing his or her resistance. Things may be happening prematurely. This person slows things down so they can happen in the proper order.
The subject of the second line, yin, makes changes when the proper time comes. This is correct.
The subject of the third line, yang, acts recklessly and causes problems. It would be better to consult with others, then go forward.
The subject of the fourth line, yang, has learned all these lessons, and has the ability to slow down and make good decisions. This gives people faith in the process and makes it easier to accept change.
The fifth line, yang, says people who handle things correctly "make changes just as the tiger changes its stripes." These people are deliberate and gain the people's trust and blessings. It's an art known only to tigers and powerful people.
The sixth line, yin, verifies the message of the previous line and offers another metaphor with additional details. It says advanced people "make changes just as the leopard changes its spots." They use grounded reasoning, and do their work sincerely, not just to impress superiors.
Hexagram Fifty—Sustenance
Hexagram Fifty shows an iron cauldron that provides sustenance to a family. The cauldron can be compared to an ideal government, society, family system, or association that provides abundance to its members.
The first line, yin, shows that the cauldron is overturned so its foul contents have spilled out. Good fortune can come of a bad situation once the evil elements are purged.
The second line, yang, shows the cauldron filled with things to be cooked. Although some people may be jealous or antagonistic, have firm confidence that they can cause no harm.
The third line, yang, shows that the handles of the cauldron have been altered. This small inconsistency prevents anyone from enjoying the stew in the cauldron. With patience the situation will come around and everyone will learn a valuable lesson.
The fourth line, yang, shows a more serious calamity: the feet of the cauldron have broken and its contents spilled. There is no food to offer to the ruler and the cook is deeply embarrassed. This is unfortunate.
The fifth line, yin, shows a cauldron with new golden handles. Through hard work and determination the situation is made right.
The sixth line, yang, shows a cauldron with jade handles. There will be great good fortunate in any action.
Hexagram Fifty Commentary
This hexagram returns to the concept of community. In this case, the metaphor is of a cauldron that provides food to a family.
The first line, yin, shows an overturned cauldron with all the old food dumped out. Foul elements must be purged, the vessel cleaned, and then the meal started anew with fresh ingredients. Although starting over may seem like a setback, it's a necessary part of the cycle. In a community, grievances need to be aired, and negative influences addressed.
The second line, yang, shows the freshly cleaned cauldron filled once again. There may be members of the community who still feel antagonistic, but trust they can do no harm. Now that the cauldron is cleaned and put back into use, people can think what they want without further hindering the process.
The third line, yang, shows a temporary situation where everything is broken, and nobody can get food from the cauldron. It says, "With patience the situation will come around." Somebody notices the handles were altered. Repairing the handles, people can once again get food from the cauldron.
The fourth line, yang, shows the worst possible scenario. The feet of the cauldron break off and everything spills out. The ruler and the cook are embarrassed and sorry, and the situation is unfortunate.
The fifth line, yin, shows a cauldron that had a problem with the handles, like in the third line, but the handles are now fixed. Not only fixed, but replaced with "new golden handles." This shows through determination, anything can be fixed.
The sixth line, yang, shows a cauldron with jade handles. This is a clue and a confirmation. If handles can be replaced with such determination, the feet of a cauldron could probably also be replaced. To approach a big problem, it's best to go in trusting there must be a solution.
Hexagram Fifty-one—Thunderstorm
Hexagram Fifty-one indicates the frightening and powerful force of thunder. This can symbolize any startling, distressful situation. The subject maintains equilibrium by remaining calm. Once the danger has passed, people become cheerful again.
The first line, yang, shows the storm approaching. One who acknowledges the danger can later smile and talk about it cheerfully.
The second line, yin, shows the storm engulfing. A wise person lets go of possessions that fly away in the wind. There is no reason to lament, for the goods are easily found once the storm has passed.
The third line, yin, shows one distressed by the thunder of the passing storm. Good fortune comes if this fear inspires one to action.
The fourth line, yang, shows one distressed by the storm, who sinks in the mud without taking action. Although this accomplishes nothing, all will be well once the storm has passed.
The fifth line, yin, shows one who tries to continue with their business despite the threatening storm. Perhaps this will increase the amount of work this person can accomplish.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who is deeply fearful and confused during the storm. It is better for this person to remain still, since movement in any direction could bring misfortune. There are some precautions this person could take as the storm approaches, but it would not gain the respect of others.
Hexagram Fifty-one Commentary
This hexagram discusses the possible attitudes in an acute crisis. The metaphor is a thunderstorm. The best attitude is to remain calm. After the danger passes, things will be okay.
The first line, yang, shows the storm coming. People take it seriously as it approaches, then after it's gone they can "smile and talk about it cheerfully." Acting cheerful before the storm makes no sense. But once it passes and everyone is safe, it's fine to smile and talk.
The second line, yin, shows the storm "engulfing." In the midst of the chaos, possessions blow away on the wind. The best attitude is to let go. Once the storm passes, it will be easy to find everything again. Nowadays we may tell ourselves to accept the things we cannot change and change the things we can, as it recommends in the Serenity Prayer.
The third line, yin, shows how fear can lead to inspiration. If people go through a thunderstorm, it may inspire them to invent something, or find a safe place to shelter, or think of other ways to mitigate the chaos of a bad storm.
The fourth line, yang, shows the opposite, instead of getting inspiration, the subject of this line simply feels distressed, and the metaphor is of "sinking in the mud without taking action." This is fine too, because once the storm passes, everything will be okay again.
The subject of the fifth line, yin, continues working through the storm, ignoring it as much as possible. This is another good attitude and the person gets a lot done.
The subject of the sixth line, yin, is frightened and confused throughout the storm. This person does him/herself no favors by being so tense, and it would be best if the person could just sit still. Things are bad enough without having to contend with a hysterical person. The subject could do more to prepare for the storm, but their intense worry and fidgeting before the storm would also make people nervous. Instead of being that person who falls apart in a crisis, study the attitudes of the subjects of all the other lines.
Hexagram Fifty-two—Mountain
Hexagram Fifty-two explores the passive strength of a mountain. A mountain rises gradually, remaining at complete rest, yet possessing great strength to block a traveler's way. The greatest strength is passive resistance, like that of a mountain.
The first line, yin, shows one who makes no forward motion, not even moving the toes. Through firm diligence this inaction will work.
The second line, yin, shows one who keeps the calves of the legs at rest. Wishing to join the subject of the first line, this person is somewhat dissatisfied by inaction.
The third line, yang, shows its subject keeping the lower part of their body at rest, while wishing to move the upper part. The situation grows dangerous because there is a desire for movement that must be suppressed.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who keeps their heart at rest. This is auspicious because there is truth in purpose.
The fifth line, yin, shows one who keeps their jaw at rest. All will be made right because the words are carefully chosen.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who keeps their peace easily and sincerely.
Hexagram Fifty-two Commentary
This hexagram describes the importance of passive resistance. This is a theme that flows through Daoist philosophy. Yin and yang, passive and direct energy, are both equally strong. In fighting off an attacker in martial arts, strength comes through passive energy, rather than aggression. This power is compared to a mountain. The introduction explains: "A mountain rises gradually, remaining at complete rest, yet possessing great strength to block a traveler's way." The remaining lines refine the notion of passive strength.
The subject of the first line, yin, demonstrates passive strength. The line says the person "makes no forward motion, not even moving the toes." This is what it takes.
The subject of the second line, yin, cannot quite get it. Although this person keeps their legs at rest, they want to join the subject of the first line. This restlessness is different from the passive strength of a mountain.
The subject of the third line, yang, is in a similar state of mind as the subject of the previous line. It's another example of someone who cannot quite achieve the state of passive resistance. In this case, the person keeps the lower half of the body still, but wants to move the upper part. Plus, the person is busy thinking about the need to stand still. The line indicates danger because instead of passive strength, the person is wrapped up in a desire to suppress all movement.
The subject of the fourth line, yin, achieves passive strength . The only thing this person needs to do is to keep their heart at rest.
The subject of the fifth line, yin, "keeps their jaw at rest," signifying the careful choice of words before speaking. This is an important aspect of passive strength.
The subject of the sixth line, yang, is a practiced master and keeps their peace easily.
Hexagram Fifty-three—Advancing
Hexagram Fifty-three shows one advancing in small steps. Progress that happens gradually is firm and steady.
The first line, yin, shows an inexperienced person attempting an important job. If there is some error, this person should be encouraged, not criticized. It is similar to a flock of birds flying to shore. The young may have to struggle to keep up, but there is no cause for blame.
The second line, yin, shows a person who rests to take food and drink. This is a necessary step in the journey, just as the birds may land on a rocky cliff to eat.
The third line, yang, warns against neglect of duty. As birds fly to higher ground, so people must take precautions when danger threatens.
The fourth line, yin, advises finding equilibrium. The image is of birds flying into a tree and landing on the level branches.
The fifth line, yang, shows that after a long wait, one attains their wishes. The image is given of birds reaching their destination.
The sixth line, yang, explains that the entire journey is auspicious, and the time thought wasted was actually part of the plan. The analogy is that a bird may lose a feather as it flies over a village, but the people in the village will collect the feather to use in ceremonies.
Hexagram Fifty-three Commentary
This hexagram discusses the importance of firm and steady progress. Everything does not happen all at once, there are steps that lead to a conclusion. Learning to flow with the Dao means learning patience, and learning to pay attention to details.
The subject of the first line, yin, is inexperienced, learning new skills while attempting important work. The best attitude is to encourage the new person, not to find fault if this person's work is not perfect. The metaphor is of birds flying to shore. It says although the younger birds may have trouble keeping up, "there is no cause for blame."
The subject of the second line, yin, rests to have lunch. Although there is more work to do, resting is one step on the journey. The metaphor is of migrating birds who land on a rocky cliff to eat.
The third line, yang, warns of the dangers of neglect of duty. Steady progress means doing what's needed each day. Interruptions come, and that can be dangerous to progress. The solution is to "fly to higher ground" like birds when such danger threatens. After the interruption passes, the birds fly back to continue eating on the ground.
The fourth line, yin, offers another metaphor of birds to demonstrate the equilibrium needed to maintain steady progress over long periods of time. "The image is of birds flying into a tree and landing on the level branches." Level branches imply level headedness.
The fifth line, yang, shows birds reaching their destination. After much work, one will achieve their goals.
The sixth line, yang, describes the feeling of nostalgia after completing a long term project. It's the moment the subject looks back on the months or years and realize it was all perfect. Even something that seemed like a setback, or wasted time when it happened, in retrospect the subject realizes it was all part of the plan. The metaphor is that birds may lose feathers as they fly over a village, but the people will gather the feathers to use in ceremonies. At the time it may have seemed like a feather was lost, but it becomes a permanent part of the ceremony.
Hexagram Fifty-four—Love Partnerships
Hexagram Fifty-four concerns love relationships. Mutual respect and affection are the basis of all lasting partnerships; anything else will lead to an uneasy alliance that will require special caution and many hurt feelings. If the situation seems cloudy, it is better to wait before making a decision.
The first line, yang, shows a young woman who is about to marry for reasons other than love. Look for a solution that will change the obvious outcome. There is still time.
The second line, yang, advises that it is better to wait a situation out, confident it will work out to one's advantage. The example is a young woman who is disappointed when all her girlfriends marry. She finds comfort in the belief that she too will marry soon.
The third line, yin, shows one who hopes for unattainable riches. There is no gain in this, just as there is no blame.
The fourth line, yang, explains timing is essential, along with purity of intent. It is not wise to manipulate others to get something, for the desired goal will come about in its own time.
The fifth line, yin, advises that it is best to take a humble position, since deep satisfaction and value may be found in apparently limiting circumstances. It is compared to a woman who marries for love, rather than money.
The sixth line, yin, shows that caring for others will bring happiness to oneself. In a sound marriage, the husband and wife put each other's welfare above their own.
Hexagram Fifty-four Commentary
This hexagram discusses love as the most important criteria for deciding to marry. People marry for many reasons, but this hexagram argues anything less than "mutual respect and affection" will lead to an "uneasy alliance" and "many hurt feelings."
The first line, yang, shows a woman who is about to marry for another reason besides being in love with the groom. The line warns, "There is still time" to stop the wedding.
The second line, yang, recommends waiting and trusting in a situation where it seems like the right person will come along. The example in this line is of a woman who is disappointed when all her friends marry, but she feels confident she too will marry soon.
The subject of the third line, yin, uses wishful thinking, hoping for a wealthy suitor to come along. Although it's okay to dream, wishing does not make it so. It's likely not to happen, so it would be better to actively search for a mate to reciprocate love and respect.
The fourth line, yang, elaborates on the previous line, explaining that it's wrong to manipulate a potential mate to get wealth, or other desires fulfilled. It's better to keep a pure intent, trusting when the timing is right, a suitable mate will come along.
The fifth line, yin, explains further, it is better to marry for love than for money. Even though a love marriage may not lead to untold riches, a good relationship has the potential to bring deep satisfaction.
The sixth line, yin, explains "in a sound marriage, the husband and wife put each other's welfare above their own." Caring for each other makes both people happy.
Hexagram Fifty-five—Abundance
Hexagram Fifty-five signifies influence. In this image, one's influence is at its height, like the full moon, or the sun when it reaches the mid-way point in the sky. Celebrate now, for influence waxes and wanes in natural cycles.
The first line, yang, shows a powerful person meeting with a colleague. They regard each other as equals and applaud each others' successes. It is good to go forward.
The second line, yin, shows one who can see the stars in the daylight. Disclosing this unusual power will lead to suspicion. It is better to maintain honest and true purpose. Gradually find ways use this power for good.
The third line, yang, explains that one who can see the stars in daylight is showered with abundance. Remain calm in this situation; accept what comes in a mood of humility and gratitude. Trying to do additional good works at this time could bring trouble.
The fourth line, yang, shows that one who can see stars in daylight may feel out of place in society. It is a good time to seek an enlightened master or meet with honorable friends, like the colleagues in the first line.
The fifth line, yin, shows celebration and praise for work well done. The subject surrounds themself with qualified people, for they will recognize the subject's accomplishments.
The sixth line, yin, shows a house that is too large. No one comes to visit, which is unfortunate. It is better to be humble. Friends are more important than money.
Hexagram Fifty-five Commentary
This hexagram discusses abundance and influence. The introduction explains when one's influence is high, it's like the full moon, or mid-day sun. The subject cherishes the times when his or her influence is at its peak, but realizes it will wax and wane in natural cycles—not just increase.
The first line, yang, shows an influential person meeting another influential person, a colleague. They regard each other as equals, and congratulate each others' success. This is a good meeting and firm basis for moving forward.
The second line, yin, shows a person who can see the stars in the daytime. This is an odd power, so disclosing it might make people suspicious. However, it's an essential power working within to bring an inner vision into reality. Instead of talking about it, keep the vision alive inside and keep working on it.
The third line, yang, elaborates on the powers of the person in the previous line. It says seeing the stars in the daylight is a vision that will bring about miracles. A person who experiences this mystical connection needs to remain calm and immersed in gratitude. Moving forward too quickly with unformed ideas may invite trouble.
The fourth line, yang, elaborates further. It says a person who sees stars in the daytime may begin to feel alienated from society. The line recommends finding a teacher who is enlightened, who can offer support and direction. Another solution is to meet with honorable colleagues, like the people in the first line. Other people following their vision will be able to help.
The fifth line, yin, shows the vision turning into reality. It's a time to celebrate and accept praise for work well done. The advice to the subject is to surround themself with colleagues who can recognize their accomplishments.
The sixty line, yin, explains how important it is for the subject to remain humble and hang onto old friends, even after achieve the subject achieves their dreams. The metaphor is to avoid a house that is too large, where nobody will come to visit you.
Hexagram Fifty-six—Traveler
Hexagram Fifty-six discusses traveling. While visiting a land where one is a stranger, maintain humility, integrity, and an open heart. Try not to judge the surroundings or the local inhabitants.
The first line, yin, shows a hostile stranger who only brings more bad fortune upon themself.
The second line, yin, shows a traveler coming to rest at an inn. Although there are servants, this person takes care of their own needs. This creates an aura of respect for the traveler.
The third line, yang, shows one who is disrespectful to hosts, thus losing the respect of everyone. The image is of a traveler setting fire to the inn.
The fourth line, yang, explains that the subject can feel at home wherever they are. The example is a traveler who brings along their means of livelihood, but still feels dissatisfaction of heart.
The fifth line, yin, explains that one must take risks to become successful. The example is when shooting a pheasant, one's arrow is lost. Still, the higher goal will be reached.
The sixth line, yang, warns against losing one's equilibrium while traveling. The example is that the traveler laughs and then cries upon seeing a bird set fire to its nest. Expect the unexpected and don't be thrown off guard.
Hexagram Fifty-six Commentary
This hexagram discusses travel, and the best attitudes a traveler can take while on the road. The introduction begins with advice while visiting places where one is a stranger: "maintain humility, integrity, and an open heart." It also warns not to judge the local people.
The first line, yin, is of a hostile traveler who offends the people they meets. This just makes it worse for the traveler.
The second line, yin, is of a traveler who checks into an inn. This person is self-sufficient and courteous. Everyone respects a person like this.
The third line, yang, describes the hostile traveler who disrespects the hosts, losing everyone's respect. The metaphor is of setting the inn on fire, injuring him/herself and others.
The fourth line, yang, reminds the traveler to remain in the present moment, and to feel at home wherever their travels take them. However, it is a difficult task, and the metaphor is of "the traveler who brings along their means of livelihood, but still feels dissatisfaction of heart." Travel is not as easy as it looks, and it is common to feel homesick. People naturally feel better at home, or in places that feel like home. This line reminds the traveler it is possible to feel at home anywhere.
The fifth line, yin, promotes the idea of travel when necessary, even though it involves risk. The metaphor is that when shooting at a pheasant, the arrow may get lost. That's okay, because risks involved in travel may be necessary to reach a higher goal.
The sixth line, yang, warns the traveler to keep their equilibrium while on the road. The example is of an unexpected tragedy, where "the traveler laughs then cries upon seeing a bird set fire to its nest." The subtext is to expect the unexpected and try to remain undisturbed.
Hexagram Fifty-seven—Conforming
Hexagram Fifty-seven is the influence of the great over the small. When powerful people move in a given direction, those under them tend to follow. This adds momentum and gives direction to the small.
The first line, yin, describes a person who follows the latest trend, or line of reasoning without having a steadfast purpose. It is better to have the strength and purpose of a warrior.
The second line, yang, explains that divine inspiration will bring good fortune, whereas following the crowd will take one to lower levels.
The third line, yang, shows that repeatedly conforming to society's expectations will bring regret.
The fourth line, yin, shows a true individual, able to give up their grief and set out with definite purpose. This attitude will bring good fortune.
The fifth line, yang, shows that once the journey is started, one must be steadfast and careful at every step. It takes perfect balance to accomplish great works.
The sixth line, yang, shows an individual in a society of unimaginative, conservative individuals. It is unfortunate to be a leader among people in this state of mind.
Hexagram Fifty-seven Commentary
This hexagram explains the idea of conformity, or "the influence of the great over the small." It shows the magnetic influence powerful elements have over smaller elements. It says, "When powerful people move in a given direction, those under them tend to follow."
The subject of the first line, yin, follows the latest trends without giving it much thought. The line warns it would be better to "have the strength and purpose of a warrior."
The second line, yang, says when inspiration comes from the heart it will lead to better outcomes. Following the crowd will lead to lesser outcomes. This theme is repeated in another classic positive thinking classic that came out during the Great Depression, Think and Grow Rich, by Earl Nightingale. Nightingale famously said: "The opposite of courage in our society is not cowardice, it's conformity."
The third line, yang, explains simply, "repeatedly conforming to society's expectations will bring regret."
The subject of the fourth line, yin, went through a difficult situation that led to grief. Rising up again after that, the person moves forward with a sense of purpose.
The fifth line, yang, elaborates on the previous line. It says once a person begins such a journey, it will take balance and care at every step to accomplish their goals.
The sixth line, yang, shows a whole society of unimaginative people. This is unfortunate for the people, and uncomfortable for the leader. It's also a difficult atmosphere for an individual who wants to follow his or her own heart.
Hexagram Fifty-eight—Heroic Joy
Hexagram Fifty-eight is the hero, who brings satisfaction and happiness to the family, workplace, or society. Accomplishment and integrity add to the hero's reputation.
The first line, yang, shows a person who has a peaceful heart.
The second line, yang, shows that all grief disappears. One who is honest and has pure intentions brings happiness to everyone.
The third line, yin, shows one who feels there must be an atmosphere of harmony, who wishes to enforce harmony, even when it is out of place. This boarders on harmful action.
The fourth line, yang, shows that forced harmony creates uneasiness. One who points this out is the true hero. When there is a good reason for celebration, good feelings will come naturally.
The fifth line, yang, shows it is dangerous to trust people who mean harm. Learn to see the truth, rather than deny it.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who always tries to appear happy, even faking happiness. The attempt is not genuine, so it does not get the desired result. It is better to quit denying what is true.
Hexagram Fifty-eight Commentary
This hexagram focuses on the individual who is able to bring joy to others and become a hero. An accomplished person of integrity "brings satisfaction and happiness to the family, workplace, or society."
The subject of the first line, yang, is blessed with a peaceful heart. This in itself is an example of heroism.
The second line, yang, shows that a person of honest and pure intentions brings happiness to everyone and "all grief disappears."
The subject of the third line, yin, has a negative attitude. Rather than the genuine hero, this person tries to enforce harmony, even when it doesn't exist. The line says, "This boarders on harmful action."
The fourth line, yang, explains "forced harmony creates uneasiness." It may take a true hero to point out the hypocrisy. Good feelings must grow naturally when there is a reason to feel good again.
The fifth line, yang, is a warning to be careful who to trust. Learn to look at a situation and think rationally. It is better to learn to see the truth, and know whom to trust, rather than deny it.
The subject of the sixth line, yin, always tries to look happy, even if they have to fake it. This doesn't work, and the line says it would be better to quit pretending and learn to live with the truth.
Hexagram Fifty-nine—Dispersing
Hexagram Fifty-nine shows a state of moral degradation that can be rectified through belief in a higher power. When the king sets up his altar and becomes immersed in faith, then great things can happen.
The first line, yin, shows one who rescues another with the help of a strong and able horse.
The second line, yang, shows the time of danger has passed. The rescuer and the person rescued both seek refuge in the horse's strength.
The third line, yin, shows one who overcomes their own limitations to help another person in need. Being able to set one's own needs aside for the sake of another shows strength of character.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who is able to break up an angry crowd. Then from the people who have disbursed, assemble a productive crew. This is an example of wisdom.
The fifth line, yang, shows a king calling out to his citizens, even though they've been forced out of their land. The king is in the proper position, so let him continue.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who takes precautions to avoid a dangerous situation, just as one may cover their wounds. One must do what is possible, yet still keep out of trouble.
Hexagram Fifty-nine Commentary
This hexagram describes a state of moral degradation because people have turned cynical. The introduction offers a solution in the form of a metaphor. The king decides to trust in a higher power, that things will get better, so he sets up his altar. When the king immerses himself in faith, his confidence has the power to set things right.
The subject of the first line, yin, rescues another person "with the help of a strong and able horse."
The second line, yang, explains how the power of the horse is to get both people home and away from the troubling situation.
The third line, yin, summarizes what happened in the rescue. The subject of the first line used the power of the horse to overcome their own limitations and help the second person. Another thing to learn from this is how one person can set aside their own needs for the sake of helping another person in need.
The fourth line, yin, shows another power of faith and confidence. The subject of this line breaks up an angry crowd, then assembles a productive crew from those who have been disbursed. The subject of this line has enough experience to turn an angry crowd into a useful crew.
The fifth line, yang, shows a faithful king calling out to his citizens. Due to bad times, the citizens were forced off their land, but the king is taking steps to make things right again.
The subject of the sixth line, yang, takes precautions to avoid danger during the bad times. The line compares this to a person who may cover his or her wounds to protect themselves from further pain. The advice is to do whatever is possible, but stay out of trouble.
Hexagram Sixty—Articulating Boundaries
Hexagram Sixty explains it is better to follow the natural order, maintaining firmness as well as flexibility, when setting up boundaries. People will not follow boundaries or rules that are arbitrary or unnecessarily strict.
The first line, yang shows one who does not leave the inner courtyard of the house. This symbolizes one who knows what will succeed and what will fail.
The second line, yang, shows an unfortunate person who will not leave their own yard to seek opportunities. People must leave their yards sometimes, just as some rules must be broken sometimes.
The third line, yin, shows that one must be self-regulated. If one has no standards, who is there to blame but him/herself?
The fourth line, yin, shows one who attends to all their obligations. This person can rise above the crowd.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who lives a balanced and productive life, who lives by boundaries that are acceptable and comfortable. This person's life is successful.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who tries to abide by rules that they feel are too painful to follow. It is inauspicious, but gradually their cause for regret goes away.
Hexagram Sixty Commentary
This hexagram is a call for common sense boundaries, rather than rigid thinking. The introduction recommends following the natural order of things, remaining both firm and flexible. Once sensible boundaries are established, it will help everyone get along.
The subject of the first line, yang, remains in the inner courtyard of the house. This is a symbol for a person who understands what works and what does not.
The second line, yang, shows another person who will not leave their own yard. However, in this case, the person needs to leave the yard. If there was an arbitrary rule smart people must be content in their own yards and never leave, then they would miss out on opportunities. The line says, "People must leave their yards sometimes."
The third line, yin, recommends relying on the self for what is right and wrong, rather than having to be told. Hexagram Thirty-eight endorses the big laws, which it refers to as "god's laws," such as do not steal or commit murder. This hexagram deals with the more subtle points of right and wrong, in the realm of moral or ethical dilemmas.
The subject of the fourth line, yin, meets all their obligations. This person rises naturally, not because they are fenced in with a lot of unnecessary rules.
The subject of the fifth line, yang, lives a good life, balanced and productive. This person is in harmony with the boundaries and rules in his life.
The subject of the sixth line, yin, offers a different example, where a person has trouble following rules. Like children who lack self-control, following rules and observing boundaries may be difficult. However, as the person matures, obeying rules becomes second nature, like the subject of the previous line.
Hexagram Sixty-one—Higher Self
When someone looks to the core of their being and sincerely takes guidance from that source, there will be success in all areas.
The first line, yang, shows one who concentrates on the matter at hand. This person finds peace and strength from within that could not come from any other source.
The second line, yang, shows one who shares their inner satisfaction with others. The comparison is a crane that finds shade in the reeds of a pond and calls out to its young to come enjoy the shade.
The third line, yin, shows one who is sincere at heart, yet confused by outside circumstances. Obstacles may indicate the person needs to spend more time thinking things through.
The fourth line, yin, shows one who has outgrown teammates. It may be time to go ahead on one's own, with the full moon as a guide.
The fifth line, yang, shows one who is sincere, who gathers close associates. The truth they share is awe-inspiring, and it increases self-confidence.
The sixth line, yang, shows a rooster trying to fly to heaven. It is best to be honest about one's strengths and limitations, for sincerity cannot do everything.
Hexagram Sixty-one Commentary
Unlike the Abrahamic religions, Daoism is not centered around a supreme deity. Rather, it focuses on the rhythms of nature, and teachings of those who came before. Thus, there is no concept of praying to a supreme deity to intervene in earthly affairs. However, this hexagram comes the closest to explaining the Daoist method of prayer. The introduction explains it as looking into the core of one's being and taking guidance from that source.
The subject of the first line, yang, concentrates and finds "peace and strength from within that could not come from any other source."
The subject of the second line, yang, shares this inner satisfaction with others. The metaphor is of a crane who finds a peaceful, shady spot among the reeds, then calls to her young to join her.
The subject of the third line, yin, is a good person, but gets confused because they have not taken the time to think things out.
The subject of the fourth line, yin, is a thoughtful person who finds good companionship around other thinking people. The line says the subject has "outgrown teammates." The advice is to go ahead on one's own, and look to the full moon, or light within, as a guide.
The subject of the fifth line, yang, is sincere and gathers close associates. The enlightenment they share increases their self-confidence.
The sixth line, yang, shows a rooster trying to flap its wings and get to heaven. Since this will never work, the advice is to stop. Rather than flapping one's wings like a rooster, it's better to be honest about one's own strengths and weaknesses. For example, even the most introspective and sensitive person cannot do everything.
Hexagram Sixty-two—Predominance of Meekness
Hexagram Sixty-two prescribes an attitude of meekness in ordinary situations. Special situations may require strength, but meekness is the correct attitude most days.
The first line, yin, describes a situation that cannot be changed, where it is better to accept inconvenience with a peaceful mind. The image is a bird that flies freely in the sky, but tries to fly to greater and greater heights until the issue is pressed too far.
The second line, yin, shows one following the conventions of society, or staying within the bounds of what is normal. The comparison is made to a grandchild who cannot find the grandfather, but accepts the word of the grandmother; or a citizen who cannot find the ruler, but accepts the word of the minister.
The third line, yang, shows that despite keeping a meek attitude, it is wise to take precautions to protect oneself.
The fourth line, yang, explains that in a crisis situation, one can only do their best and no more. It is dangerous to go forward, but certain situations cannot be prevented.
The fifth line, yin, suggests the idea of trouble that comes of its own accord, just as clouds may have already formed on the western horizon. The advice to the subject is to his or her business and take shelter.
The sixth line, yin, warns against trying to change things that cannot be changed. The example is given of a bird that flies too high into an oncoming storm. The bird's extreme effort will only bring unnecessary self-injury.
Hexagram Sixty-two Commentary
This hexagram explains the meaning of meekness. Being meek is different from being lax or lazy. Meekness is the quality of acceptance and flow that suits most situations. Some situations require heavy lifting, but the hexagram recommends conserving strength and only using it when necessary.
The first line, yin, shows a situation that is inconvenient, but there's nothing the subject can do at the moment. Remaining gentle and quiet, it is easier to remain peaceful and accept the situation. The opposite would be to fly up against the situation and push to make it change. Sometimes pressure can help, but not in a situation that calls for meekness. The metaphor is of a bird that flies freely, but runs into trouble if it tries to fly higher and higher "until the issue is pressed too far."
The subject of the second line, yin, remains meek by staying within the bounds of what is normal. Even though a situation is inconvenient, it is better to follow conventions. It's like accepting what is best when it's not a big deal. The metaphor is of a grandchild who cannot find its grandfather, but will listen to the word of the grandmother, or a citizen who cannot contact the ruler, but will accept the word of the minister.
The third line, yang, explains that besides meekness, it helps to cultivate other traits and resources to protect oneself. Meekness is the basis for building up one's strength and ability to handle difficult situations.
The fourth line, yang, advises the subject to do his or her best in a crisis situation. Nobody can be completely prepared, but a crisis situation demands the subject to go forward anyway. The subject learns to do their duty without attachment to the results.
The fifth line, yin, explains there may be no reason why trouble comes. Sometimes it appears on its own, just like clouds that have already formed on the western horizon. The meek answer to situations maybe be simply, finish up any pending business and take shelter.
The sixth line, yin, emphasizes again, if a situation cannot be changed, it's better to be meek and not try to fight it. It offers a metaphor similar to the one in the first line, of a bird that flies too high, and presses too hard. In this example it says the bird is trying to fly into an oncoming storm, and "the bird's extreme effort will only bring unnecessary self-injury."
Hexagram Sixty-three—Reaching Completion
Hexagram Sixty-three shows that although the project is finished, there remains more to do. There may still be some details, which overlooked, could lead to chaos.
The first line, yang, explains that it would be wise to slow down and examine the situation for any unfinished business. The image is of a wagon driver who slows down to bring the wagon over a creek.
The second line, yin, recommends keeping one's balance in the face of a last minute problem. It is like a woman who loses her hat in the wind. She will inevitably find it within a short time.
The third line, yang, shows a king who goes off to conquer a territory overrun by fearful men. The work will take time, so it may be necessary to work to the point of fatigue some days.
The fourth line, yin, suggests there is some doubt about the completion of a project, so it is better to be on guard all day. The analogy is given of a person watching for leaks in a boat.
The fifth line, yang, explains that some projects may take more effort than others, as if decided by the divine powers. One person may conduct a grand sacrifice, but not receive the same blessings as a neighbor who sincerely performs a small offering.
The sixth line, yin, shows one who loses patience with a tedious project, just as someone crossing a river may become engulfed, even up to the top of the head. Recognize the peril of the situation and be cautious.
Hexagram Sixty-three Commentary
The final two hexagrams discuss projects that are unfinished. The overall message is to make sure a situation is completely resolved. Craftsmen know the importance of finishing the details of a project, and these last two hexagrams reinforce this concept. The introduction says although a project is finished, there is still more for the subject to do. They may have overlooked a detail that could unravel all their good work.
The first line, yang, says to slow down and examine the situation for anything that appears incomplete. The metaphor is of a wagon driver who slows down to get the wagon through a creek.
The second line, yin, recommends the subject keep their balance if there's a last minute problem. The metaphor is of a woman who loses her hat in the wind. It won't take long to find it, so take the necessary steps to do things right.
The third line, yang, shows a leader who will do what it takes to bring a project to conclusion. The metaphor is if a king who conquers lands "overrun by fearful men."
The fourth line, yin, explains the attitude of making sure a project is complete. This could be the most important part of the project, similar to "watching for leaks in a boat."
The fifth line, yang, shows that completion comes easy in some projects, but not in others. Sometimes the biggest projects go of easily, while a small project takes extra care. The line says it is as if these things are "decided by the divine powers."
The subject of the sixth line, has lost patience with a tedious project. The metaphor is of someone crossing a river who may get in too deep and drown. In a situation like this, the line recommends caution.
Hexagram Sixty-four—Not Yet Completed
Hexagram Sixty-four, the last of the hexagrams, shows incompleteness. Be cautious, because although it seems a current project is finished, there is still more to do.
The first line, yin, shows a fox crossing a stream. If she lets her guard down, she will get her tail wet. This is an embarrassing situation for one who is supposed to be in charge.
The second line, yang, recommends taking due caution and acting correctly, just as one may cautiously apply the brakes in a carriage to avoid an accident.
The third line, yin, warns that one should not go forward without finishing the current situation. The timing is appropriate to meet that last remaining challenge.
The fourth line, yang, explains that through steadfast and intelligent action, a situation becomes successful and all questions are answered. Act just like a king who sets out on a potentially rewarding mission, determined to succeed.
The fifth line, yin, explains that the qualities of wisdom, sincerity, and integrity come from hard work. The line encourages the subject to always finish projects completely, for this will bring success.
The sixth line, yang, shows one who is confident in their accomplishments. There is no blame in this, but pride can lead to arrogance, and arrogance leads to mistakes. It is as if the fox looses her determination while crossing the river and her whole head is immersed.
Hexagram Sixty-four Commentary
The last hexagram is also sometimes called "completion and not yet completed." Like the last hexagram, it also warns against thinking things are complete. Even when one project is done, and completely finished, another project will soon come along with more to do.
The first line, yin, says the subject needs to be responsible to all the projects they have started. If the subject strikes off in a new direction without taking care of the details of the current situation, it can lead to embarrassment and problems. The metaphor is of a fox crossing a stream, who gets her tail wet.
The second line, yang, recommends bringing activities to a safe halt to avoid accidents and future problems. The metaphor in the line is "applying the brakes in a carriage to avoid an accident."
The third line, yin, says before starting something new, focus on completing the current project. It's better to complete everything now, then move on to the next thing.
The fourth line, yang, says once the current situation is complete, it will be the right time to take on the next project. When the time is right, the subject will move forward "like a king who sets out on a potentially rewarding mission, determined to succeed."
The fifth line, yin, says taking on difficult projects and bringing them to completion teaches "wisdom, sincerity, and integrity."
The sixth line, yang, explains that once a project is complete, the subject must move into the next project with beginner's mind, rather than arrogance. The final metaphor is of the fox who loses her determination while crossing a river, and "her whole head is immersed." The end of one project leads to the beginning of the next, and requires continued determination and work ahead.
We thank you for contemplating the gentle strength of the Dao. Nori Muster began this interpretation of the ancient I Ching in the 1990s and put it online at her website Surrealist.org in 2000. To read your I Ching click here.
